State Finance Commission (Kerala)
Encyclopedia
State Finance Commission is the Constitutional body of experts on public finance and public administration appointed by each state government at regular intervals of five years under the article 243I of the Constitution
to review and revise the financial position of panchayat raj institutions and urban local governments. Kerala
state was prompt in submitting SFC reports well in time and to take action on it.
Three State Finance Commission reports, with recommentations for enhancing the financial health of the local governments were submitted and acted upon in Kerala with practically every recommendation being adopted, as per the provisions of the 73rd and 74the Constitutional Amendments made in 1993. Each State Finance Commission in Kerala has been a path-breaker
small specific purpose grants into a broader general purpose grants and also in streamlining the
determination and transfer of the share of State taxes, making it fully formula-based and totally
non-discretionary.
The recommendation of the first SFC were as follows:-
(1) Expenditure on elections to Local Governments other than District and Block Panchayats may be met by them.
(2) Government may liquidate arrears of share of taxes / grants due to Local Governments in three instalments.
(3) Plinth area may be adopted as the basis for Property Tax.
(4) For arrears of taxes due to Local Governments from different payees penal interest at 2% per month may be charged.
(5) Government may specify only the minimum rate for fees.
(6) Land Tax may be doubled.
(7) Formula based devolution of funds may be followed.
(8) Maintenance Grant should be based on current cost of construction.
(9) Vehicle Tax compensation may be 25% of net collection of Motor Vehicles Tax.
(10) Tax mapping may be followed.
(11) A Fund for local government development may be built up for leveraging funds and for subsidizing the interest rate of non-remunerative but essential schemes.
(12) A statutory authority should give annual reports to the Governor showing the quantum of statutory and non-statutory grants due to local governments and the amount actually paid.
(13) A special Cell may be constituted to watch the implementation of recommendations of the SFC.
State taxes and suggested global sharing of State's Own Tax Revenue, fixing 3.5% as General
Purpose Grant and 5.5% as Maintenance Grant
The recommendations of the Second SFC were as follows:-.
(1) 5 % of the Own Tax revenue of the State may be devolved as Maintenance Grant and 3 % as General Purpose Grant.
(2) Plinth area based Property Tax may be operationalised without a gap on increase or limit on decrease.
(3) Presumptive Profession Tax may be introduced to bring certain self-employed occupational groups into the tax limit.
(4) Entertainment Tax may be introduced for Cable TV.
(5) Conversion tax may be realized at the rate of 5% of the capital value in the case of conversion of paddy lands.
(6) Service Tax may be made compulsory and be linked to the cost of performing obligatory functions and calculated as a percentage of Property Tax.
(7) Ceiling on surcharges may be removed.
(8) Only the minimum may be fixed for non-tax revenue
sources.
(9) Local Governments should get automatic allocations at the beginning of every month.
(10) A legislative provision may be introduced for indexing non-tax revenue items and taxes like Property Tax, Advertisement Tax and Service Tax linked to Consumer Price Index for non-manual workers for Urban Local Governments and Consumer Price Index for agricultural labourers for Village Panchayats.
(11) All Local Governments should prepare annual maintenance plans.
(12) 10% of the Development Grant may be set apart for an incentive system.
(13) For grants-in-aid a bill system may be introduced for drawing from the Treasuries instead of the cheque system.
(14) A Cell under the general control of Finance and Local Self Government Departments may be set up for monitoring financial matters of Local Governments.
fixed grants. It fixed the base year's grant equivalent to the recommendations of the Second State
Finance Commission and suggested 10% annual increases for the five-year period. While this
has cost the Local Governments the possible gains due to buoyancy in tax revenue, it has
improved predictability as the State Finance Commission has indicated Local Government-wise
share for each year over the five year period under the three streams of General Purpose Fund,
Maintenance Fund and Development Fund
The recommendations of the third SFC were as follows:-
(1) For the financial year 2006-07, Rs.300 crore may be transferred as General Purpose Grant, Rs.350 crore Maintenance Grant and Rs.1400 crore as Development Grant. 10% annual increase may be provided during each of the four subsequent years. The entire amount may be provided in the State Budget as “Compensation and assignments to Local Self Governments” in Non-Plan revenue account. (Till now Development Grant was treated as Plan grant-in-aid) Local Government-wise allocations for each of the three streams was provided in the report of the SFC itself year wise.
(2) General Purpose Grant should be released in 12 equal monthly instalments and other grants in 10 equal monthly instalments from April to January. The funds should be transfer credited to Public Account (Major head of account 8448) before the 5th of every month. 10% carryover is allowed in respect of Maintenance Grant and Development Grant.
(3) A Finance and Accounts Wing may be set up even in Village Panchayats.
(4) The payment of salaries of employees transferred to Local Governments may continue to be paid by Government.
(5) Before ordering exemption in taxation which would adversely affect local government, Government should obtain the recommendation of the Local Government.
The deplorable condition of rural roads could be attributed to the cut in grants recommended by the third commission. The Oommen commission had set things in the right course and ratified the recommendations of the third commission by asserting that the allocation should not dip beyond 25 per cent, While launching the People's Plan Campaign, the then government had taken an ad hoc decision to devolve 30 per cent funds to the civic bodies.http://decwatch.blogspot.com/
The Local self-government institutions in the State will get Rs.4,160 crore in 2011-12, a one-third increase from the allocation for 2010-11, following the recommendations of the Fourth State Finance Commission.The recommendations had come as a major boost to decentralised governance. While launching the People's Plan Campaign, the then government had taken an ad hoc decision to devolve 30 per cent funds to the civic bodies. This amounted to a five-fold increase from that recommended by the first State Finance Commission. The second commission, headed by Prabhat Patnaik, economist, institutionalised devolution of funds and fixed it at 25 per cent.The third commission upset the entire system. Much more than the commission's recommendations, it was due to the intervention of the Finance Ministry and a reflection on the then United Democratic Front government's stance.http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/26/stories/2011012660850400.htm
The Fourth State Finance Commission has recommended the government to allocate the special grant worth Rs.12.07 crore to the panchayats from the development fund for 2011-12 depending on their backwardness. Instead of gauging backwardness merely on the basis of SC/ST population in each panchayat, the commission has worked out a deprivation index for providing the special grant to the rural civic bodies which are lagging much behind others in terms of development.http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/27/stories/2011012761890400.htm
Also, it has been noticed that restriction of actual flows to PRIs get aggravated every time there is a glitch in the state finances. Thus, even when credited to their Treasury accounts, the panchayats are not able to use the funds because the finance department will not release them. The performance audit shows up some lacunae which have to mostly do with the outmoded accounting and record keeping.
However all this should not detract from the many positive features in Kerala
case such as transparency especially in beneficiary selection, RTI, social audit which need to be further encouraged, strengthened and emulated by other states.
Constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is...
to review and revise the financial position of panchayat raj institutions and urban local governments. Kerala
Kerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
state was prompt in submitting SFC reports well in time and to take action on it.
Three State Finance Commission reports, with recommentations for enhancing the financial health of the local governments were submitted and acted upon in Kerala with practically every recommendation being adopted, as per the provisions of the 73rd and 74the Constitutional Amendments made in 1993. Each State Finance Commission in Kerala has been a path-breaker
First SFC Report
The First State Finance Commission succeeded in integrating seventeensmall specific purpose grants into a broader general purpose grants and also in streamlining the
determination and transfer of the share of State taxes, making it fully formula-based and totally
non-discretionary.
The recommendation of the first SFC were as follows:-
(1) Expenditure on elections to Local Governments other than District and Block Panchayats may be met by them.
(2) Government may liquidate arrears of share of taxes / grants due to Local Governments in three instalments.
(3) Plinth area may be adopted as the basis for Property Tax.
(4) For arrears of taxes due to Local Governments from different payees penal interest at 2% per month may be charged.
(5) Government may specify only the minimum rate for fees.
(6) Land Tax may be doubled.
(7) Formula based devolution of funds may be followed.
(8) Maintenance Grant should be based on current cost of construction.
(9) Vehicle Tax compensation may be 25% of net collection of Motor Vehicles Tax.
(10) Tax mapping may be followed.
(11) A Fund for local government development may be built up for leveraging funds and for subsidizing the interest rate of non-remunerative but essential schemes.
(12) A statutory authority should give annual reports to the Governor showing the quantum of statutory and non-statutory grants due to local governments and the amount actually paid.
(13) A special Cell may be constituted to watch the implementation of recommendations of the SFC.
The Second SFC Report
The Second State Finance Commission moved away from sharing specificState taxes and suggested global sharing of State's Own Tax Revenue, fixing 3.5% as General
Purpose Grant and 5.5% as Maintenance Grant
The recommendations of the Second SFC were as follows:-.
(1) 5 % of the Own Tax revenue of the State may be devolved as Maintenance Grant and 3 % as General Purpose Grant.
(2) Plinth area based Property Tax may be operationalised without a gap on increase or limit on decrease.
(3) Presumptive Profession Tax may be introduced to bring certain self-employed occupational groups into the tax limit.
(4) Entertainment Tax may be introduced for Cable TV.
(5) Conversion tax may be realized at the rate of 5% of the capital value in the case of conversion of paddy lands.
(6) Service Tax may be made compulsory and be linked to the cost of performing obligatory functions and calculated as a percentage of Property Tax.
(7) Ceiling on surcharges may be removed.
(8) Only the minimum may be fixed for non-tax revenue
Non-tax revenue
Non-tax revenue or non-tax receipts are government revenue not generated from taxes. Examples include:* Aid from another level of government - for example, in the United States, federal grants may be considered non-tax revenue to the receiving states, and equalization payments* Aid from abroad *...
sources.
(9) Local Governments should get automatic allocations at the beginning of every month.
(10) A legislative provision may be introduced for indexing non-tax revenue items and taxes like Property Tax, Advertisement Tax and Service Tax linked to Consumer Price Index for non-manual workers for Urban Local Governments and Consumer Price Index for agricultural labourers for Village Panchayats.
(11) All Local Governments should prepare annual maintenance plans.
(12) 10% of the Development Grant may be set apart for an incentive system.
(13) For grants-in-aid a bill system may be introduced for drawing from the Treasuries instead of the cheque system.
(14) A Cell under the general control of Finance and Local Self Government Departments may be set up for monitoring financial matters of Local Governments.
The Third SFC Report
The Third SFC has moved on to a regime offixed grants. It fixed the base year's grant equivalent to the recommendations of the Second State
Finance Commission and suggested 10% annual increases for the five-year period. While this
has cost the Local Governments the possible gains due to buoyancy in tax revenue, it has
improved predictability as the State Finance Commission has indicated Local Government-wise
share for each year over the five year period under the three streams of General Purpose Fund,
Maintenance Fund and Development Fund
The recommendations of the third SFC were as follows:-
(1) For the financial year 2006-07, Rs.300 crore may be transferred as General Purpose Grant, Rs.350 crore Maintenance Grant and Rs.1400 crore as Development Grant. 10% annual increase may be provided during each of the four subsequent years. The entire amount may be provided in the State Budget as “Compensation and assignments to Local Self Governments” in Non-Plan revenue account. (Till now Development Grant was treated as Plan grant-in-aid) Local Government-wise allocations for each of the three streams was provided in the report of the SFC itself year wise.
(2) General Purpose Grant should be released in 12 equal monthly instalments and other grants in 10 equal monthly instalments from April to January. The funds should be transfer credited to Public Account (Major head of account 8448) before the 5th of every month. 10% carryover is allowed in respect of Maintenance Grant and Development Grant.
(3) A Finance and Accounts Wing may be set up even in Village Panchayats.
(4) The payment of salaries of employees transferred to Local Governments may continue to be paid by Government.
(5) Before ordering exemption in taxation which would adversely affect local government, Government should obtain the recommendation of the Local Government.
Fourth State Finance Commission Report
The fourth State Finance Commission chaired by Dr M A Oommen with S M Vijayanand and Ms Ishita Roy as members, submitted its repor t on 22 January 2011 http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/26/stories/2011012660850400.htm as the second Indian State ( Bihar submitted in September 2010 as the first) to submit the fourth report, with a recommendation that 25-30 per cent or more of state plan funds need to be devolved to local governments.The general purpose grant had been fixed at 3.5 per cent and the maintenance grant at 4.5 per cent. These components would be enhanced in the coming years. This amounted to a five-fold increase from that recommended by the first State Finance Commission. The second commission, headed by Prabhat Patnaik, economist, institutionalised devolution of funds and fixed it at 25 per cent. The third commission upset the entire system. Much more than the commission's recommendations, it was due to the intervention of the Finance Ministry and a reflection on the then United Democratic Front government's stance.The deplorable condition of rural roads could be attributed to the cut in grants recommended by the third commission. The Oommen commission had set things in the right course and ratified the recommendations of the third commission by asserting that the allocation should not dip beyond 25 per cent, While launching the People's Plan Campaign, the then government had taken an ad hoc decision to devolve 30 per cent funds to the civic bodies.http://decwatch.blogspot.com/
The Local self-government institutions in the State will get Rs.4,160 crore in 2011-12, a one-third increase from the allocation for 2010-11, following the recommendations of the Fourth State Finance Commission.The recommendations had come as a major boost to decentralised governance. While launching the People's Plan Campaign, the then government had taken an ad hoc decision to devolve 30 per cent funds to the civic bodies. This amounted to a five-fold increase from that recommended by the first State Finance Commission. The second commission, headed by Prabhat Patnaik, economist, institutionalised devolution of funds and fixed it at 25 per cent.The third commission upset the entire system. Much more than the commission's recommendations, it was due to the intervention of the Finance Ministry and a reflection on the then United Democratic Front government's stance.http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/26/stories/2011012660850400.htm
The Fourth State Finance Commission has recommended the government to allocate the special grant worth Rs.12.07 crore to the panchayats from the development fund for 2011-12 depending on their backwardness. Instead of gauging backwardness merely on the basis of SC/ST population in each panchayat, the commission has worked out a deprivation index for providing the special grant to the rural civic bodies which are lagging much behind others in terms of development.http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/27/stories/2011012761890400.htm
Substantial devolution to local govts prior to SFCs
Kerala’s decentralisation shows the provision of substantial untied funds for local prioritisation and local resource allocation to identified priority areas. This was not recommended by any State Finance Commission but was a policy decision taken by the State Government at the beginning of the 9th Five Year Plan.While the State has been able to go beyond what is strictly essential (as per SFC reports) and has been able to consolidate Centrally Sponsored Schemes in some cases leading to welcome increase in the untied grants recently, there has unfortunately a drop in the statutory grants which is wholly unwelcome.Also, it has been noticed that restriction of actual flows to PRIs get aggravated every time there is a glitch in the state finances. Thus, even when credited to their Treasury accounts, the panchayats are not able to use the funds because the finance department will not release them. The performance audit shows up some lacunae which have to mostly do with the outmoded accounting and record keeping.
However all this should not detract from the many positive features in Kerala
Kerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
case such as transparency especially in beneficiary selection, RTI, social audit which need to be further encouraged, strengthened and emulated by other states.
See also
- Local Government Finance in KeralaLocal Government Finance in KeralaLocal governments in Kerala enjoy very stable sources of revenue compared to their counterparts in the country. Even before the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments in 1994, the situation was true. The sources of income earmarked for local governments, prior to the amendments, were meant for...
- Local Governance in KeralaLocal Governance in KeralaKerala, is a tiny state in the southernmost part of India. In decentralization, the State had a long history of half-hearted reforms characterized by partial successes and blatant reversals from its creation in 1957...
- A webpage on local finance in Kerala