State Corporation Commission
Encyclopedia
The State Corporation Commission, or SCC, is a Virginia
regulatory agency whose authority encompasses utilities
, insurance
, state-chartered financial institution
s, securities
, retail
franchising
, and railroads. It is the state's central filing office for corporations, limited partnerships, limited liability companies and Uniform Commercial Code liens.
The following titles of the Code of Virginia are pertinent to the State Corporation Commission:
The following titles of the Virginia Administrative Code contain State Corporation Commission regulations:
The State Corporation Commission's structure is unique in that it is organized as a separate department of government with delegated administrative, legislative, and judicial powers. The SCC's membership, powers, duties, and procedures are set out in Article IX of the Constitution of Virginia
. Section 4 of that Article allows parties aggrieved by the SCC's decisions to appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court.
Introduced in December 2009, SCC eFile continually adds services through several planned system enhancements.
Current SCC eFile services include:
This eCommerce initiative by the SCC results in less paper being printed and processed which subsequently minimizes costs for both the SCC and its business entity customers.
In 2008, the General Assembly of Virginia directed the SCC to develop and implement an electric energy consumer education program to provide retail customers with information regarding energy conservation, energy efficiency, demand-side management, demand response, and renewable energy.
The goal is for Virginians to reduce electricity consumption by 10% below 2006 levels by 2022.
. This office is within the SCC's Bureau of Insurance.
The principal function of the Managed Care Ombudsman is to help Virginia consumers who have health care insurance provided by a Managed Care Health Insurance Plan (MCHIP), such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization. The Managed Care Ombudsman can assist consumers in understanding and exercising their rights of appeal of adverse decisions made by MCHIPs.
The Managed Care Ombudsman answers inquiries about MCHIPs and managed care, and helps individuals who experience problems. The Ombudsman also assists individuals in understanding how managed care functions and provides information on the types of MCHIPs available in Virginia. The Ombudsman cannot investigate or resolve complaints, but can refer individuals who have a complaint to the internal review mechanisms at the MCHIP or to the appropriate government agency.
and the Office of Railroad Commissioner. The three-member Commission was charged with regulating the state railroads and telephone and telegraph companies and with registering corporations in Virginia. The SCC began operations on March 2, 1903. Since then, the Virginia General Assembly
has broadened the SCC's regulatory authority.
The 1902 Constitution vested the SCC with three forms of power—judicial, legislative, and executive. The SCC acts as a court of record
and holds formal hearings when warranted. It can enforce its orders by fines or contempt citations. There is a right of appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court from any SCC decision. The SCC's executive authority is exercised in its day-to-day administration. Its legislative authority is exercised when it makes rules or sets rates.
The typical Virginian in 1900 lived on a farm or in a small rural community. With a population of 1.8 million, more than 81 percent of Virginians were classified rural with transportation facilities that were about the same as they had been a century before. Richmond, with a population of 85,000, was the largest city. Oil lamps were used to light homes, and wood or coal provided heat. Horses or mules pulling carriages or wagons were the principal means of travel in rural areas with roads deep with mud in wet weather and dusty at other times. There were fewer than one million telephones in the Bell Telephone System in the entire United States. Public schools in Virginia were open for a session that lasted 119 days, or about four months. Nearly all of the schools were elementary with only a handful of four-year high schools. There was no compulsory attendance law, so that thousands of children did not bother to go to school or were put to work by their parents.
The first commercially successful electric streetcar line in the world began operations in Richmond in 1888, and by 1900 trolleys had replaced horse-drawn cars in many other cities. The new trolley network led to the development of electric utility companies that began to sell surplus power for commercial and residential use. However, only eight percent of the country had electricity service at the turn of the century. Automobiles were a novelty and rarely ventured out of the cities. A man who considered driving a car from
Staunton to Norfolk in 1900 had to ship it by freight train because of impassible roads and one county that barred automobiles from using its roads. Railroads were developing and expanding rapidly with small independent lines being consolidated into large rail companies, but were subject to little or no control by the state or federal government. If a train trip was anticipated, the service to rural areas was irregular often with dirty and unheated coaches.
The unfair freight and passenger rates charged by the railroads in Virginia were among the chief grievances of a growing number of farmers, populists and progressives at the turn of the century. When Virginians voted in 1900 to hold a constitutional convention to overhaul state government, several populist leaders saw it as an opportunity to address the abuses of the railroad companies.
The General Assembly laid out a limited number of general regulations for railroads as early as 1837, and in 1867 gave the Board of Public Works restricted authority to investigate railroad and canal companies. Virginia was the first state in the south to try to regulate railroads with the creation in 1877 of the Office of the Railroad Commissioner. But the commissioner had little power other than to supervise and recommend. Railroad lobbyists frustrated repeated efforts in the General Assembly to strengthen the railroad commission by raising fears that similar restrictions would be placed on other corporations.
When the constitutional convention convened in the old Hall of the House of Delegates at the Capitol on June 12, 1901, there was significant support for the creation of a regulatory body that would control railroad companies and fix rates to protect the people of Virginia. A. Caperton Braxton, chairman of the corporations committee at the convention, stated that if consumers ultimately bear the cost of transportation they should be protected from the greed of common carriers. He advocated the formation of a government organization with the authority to administer equal justice between the two opposite interests.
Chief credit for the establishment of the regulatory body that became the State Corporation Commission goes to Braxton. Ralph Waldo Emerson was thinking of a man like Braxton when he wrote: “An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.” A Staunton businessman and lawyer, the politically independent Braxton had a strong belief that the government should strictly control corporations that tended toward monopoly. At the time, railroads were the wealthiest and most powerful corporations in Virginia.
The nation’s railroads were growing at a phenomenal rate and had become essential to economic expansion. Unfortunately excessive power and corruption accompanied their rapid growth. Braxton described the railroads as “grasping, selfish, tyrannical, overbearing and relentless” in their determination to maintain the status quo, pay as few taxes as possible, and discriminate in freight and passenger rates.
Under Braxton’s leadership, the committee on corporations produced a report that outlined provisions for a state corporation commission with legislative, administrative and judicial powers necessary for “the vigorous and complete execution of its duty to regulate and control the operation of railroads.” Friends of the powerful railroad lobby responded with vigor during the convention sessions and in the state’s major newspapers. They argued that such a commission was unnecessary and too powerful. Regulatory functions should be exercised only by the legislature or an agency created by the legislature. An independent commission would “hamper cripple and probably bankrupt every great railroad corporation in the State.” It was “highway robbery under the forms of the law.” Braxton was personally attacked as a wild anarchist with a warped mind.
Braxton skillfully and persuasively defended his report during the 10 months of convention deliberations. He was determined to detach the control of the railroads from the General Assembly. He also wanted to give the SCC all the powers of a court of record, which could be done only by constitutional provision. Braxton later wrote: “The vast superiority of the railroad managers over the general legislature in mobility and quickness of action enabled them to design and execute plans to evade the law faster then the legislature could establish new laws to defeat their new plans.” Even the Richmond newspapers, some of his harshest critics, expressed admiration for Braxton’s defense of his proposals. The constitutional article on corporations was passed with only minor revisions. The convention adjourned on June 26, 1902, and the new constitution was proclaimed to be in effect two weeks later. The new State Corporation Commission would replace the Board of Public Works and the Office of Railroad Commissioner.
The 1902 constitution authorized the appointment of three commissioners by the Governor and confirmed by the General Assembly for the regulation of transportation and transmission companies. Historian Virginius Dabney maintains that the establishment of the State Corporation Commission represented an entirely new departure in the machinery of government and conferred on the Commission a wider jurisdiction than enjoyed by any similar state agency in the country, before or since. Instead of applying the accepted doctrine of the separation of powers in government, the framers of the constitution authorized an organization with its own legislative, administrative and judicial powers. The Commission could make its own rules and enforce them. No state court except the Virginia Supreme Court could review or reverse any of its rulings.
The railroad lobby’s dire predictions of chaos and economic decline never materialized. The authority and constitutionality of the Commission were challenged in a series of complicated cases in state and federal courts. Ultimately in 1908 the Supreme Court of the United States sustained the right of the SCC to fix intrastate rates. Historian Allen W. Moger wrote that from the beginning the Commission followed a policy of conciliation where possible. Moger added that although the Commission was subjected to its share of criticism, in general it protected the interests of both the public and the corporations.
When the General Assembly convened in January 1903, Governor Andrew J. Montague presented the names of three distinguished Virginians to serve as commissioners. They were Richmond attorney Beverly T. Crump, Russell County farmer and cattle breeder Henry C. Stuart and a retired railroad construction contractor from Loudoun County, Henry Fairfax. All had previously served in the General Assembly. The legislature provided $500 for the Commission to prepare offices and authorized it to hire a clerk, a first assistant clerk, a bailiff and a stenographer “who shall also be a typewriter.”
On March 2, 1902, the three commissioners gathered in the office formerly occupied by the Railroad Commissioner in the State Library, then located in the old Finance Building in Capitol Square, to be sworn in by James Keith, the President of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. In the organizational meeting that followed, Crump was elected chairman, John A. Upshur was named as the clerk and J. W. Williams was selected as bailiff. Two months later B. J. Wysor was appointed first assistant clerk and Joseph W. Neely was selected as the stenographer.
The Commission moved into its first permanent offices in July 1903 on the fourth floor of the Richmond City Hall on the north side of Capitol Square. The five rooms were described as “commodious and ample” in the SCC’s first annual report. Almost immediately it began to regulate the rates and services of railroads, telephone and telegraph companies as well as grant charters, issue orders and assess corporate property.
.jpg)
The Commission’s first formal order was issued on March 30, 1903 and involved allowing certain concessions in rates by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company. The body of the order was a letter from Chairman Crump to the railroad. The order stated that the Commission had no objection to allowing one-half rates on material for the building of a church in Mineral. The Commission also had no objection to granting free transportation on packages consigned to the Confederate Bazaar to be held in Richmond in April 1903. In the third issue, the SCC would not give official sanction to a rebate in rates in a case in which there might be interference with legitimate competition. The third issue involved shipping construction materials to Clifton Forge to build 50 homes for railroad company workers. No local builder was willing to undertake the construction job, and the railroad wanted to use an outside contractor. The Commission suggested the railroad resolve the issue on rebates with the town of Clifton Forge.
The first charter was issued on May 23, 1903 to the Virginia-Carolina Stave and Lumber Company, Inc. of Richmond. R. H. Bruce was listed as the president of the company. He also was listed as the vice president of the second company to get a charter that day, the Virginia Telephone Company of Amelia.
In the first year of service, the Commission reported that it granted 482 charters for corporations and generated $488,271 in revenue for the Commonwealth while spending a budget of under $24,000. Processing consumer complaints was a significant Commission activity from the very beginning the SCC reported. “A very large number of complaints against railroads were informally brought to the attention of the Commission…and all…were promptly taken up by the Commission and proper relief given in all cases in which the complaints were just founded.” Although the exact date is unclear, the commissioners were soon referred to as “judges.” The 1902 constitution had given the SCC the powers of a court of record and stated at least one commissioner “possess the qualifications prescribed for judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals.”
Within three years the Commission’s regulatory authority was broadened by the General Assembly with the creation of the Bureau of Insurance. That same year, the SCC also was authorized to investigate cases of suspected arson. The regulation of banking was added in 1910, and fixing the rates of public utilities began in 1914. The supervision of the sale of securities (Blue Sky Law) started in 1918. The regulation of transportation by motor vehicle began in 1923.
This new form of transportation soon challenged the railroad monopoly and provided new tax revenue for the Commonwealth collected by the SCC. At one point, the motor carrier sections issued 14 different kinds of licenses authorizing public carriers. Vehicles ranging from taxicabs to charter buses to interstate trucks had to display a little oblong license issued by the SCC. Commission inspectors had full police powers, and in 1956 made 943 arrests.
Aviation in Virginia came under SCC jurisdiction in 1928. The Division of Aeronautics was responsible for the licensing of pilots, aircraft and airports. Staff conducted safety investigations and supervised tax collections for the improvements of airfields.
From the beginning of the Commission, the legislature has approved more than 60 expansions of SCC authority. Some the of the unusual areas of authority were the licensing of dams, the registration of laundry marks, the regulation of parachute jumping and the regulation of sight-seeing and charter party boats. The Commission even had control over the tolls charged on Richmond’s Boulevard Bridge. Built in 1925 by a development company, the bridge was privately owned until 1969. When the owners wanted to reduce the toll from a dime to a nickel, they had to seek the permission of the SCC. In a 1975 Richmond Times-Dispatch series on the SCC, former Commissioner H. Lester Hooker
was asked why the General Assembly continued to hand the regulatory agency new responsibilities. “Well, you know,” he replied, “anything they didn’t know what to do with, they’d give to the SCC.” A former Wisconsin public service commissioner Arthur L. Padrutt testifying to a legislative panel in the 1970s offered a summary of the SCC and its activities: “One can view it only with a sense of fatigue.”
As the Commission responsibilities grew, there was a need to employ a more qualified staff of clerks, accountants, examiners, investigators, engineers and lawyers. The “commodious” offices in Richmond City Hall had become rather crowded by 1906. That year, the Commission moved to the third floor of the State Capitol in the offices now occupied by the Governor’s staff. In 1908 the Commission reported that it had a staff of 11. By 1924, the 24 Commission employees moved to the ninth floor of the new State Office Building located on the southeast corner of Capitol Square (now the Washington Building).
Workforce growth continued in the 1930s and 1940s compelling the Commission to scatter staff in rented offices throughout downtown Richmond. The entire workforce of approximately 250 was brought together under one roof in 1957 when the Commission occupied seven floors of the newly constructed Blanton Building (later named the Jefferson Building) next door to the State Office Building. By 1971, 369 persons were working for the SCC, and the 13-story Blanton/Jefferson Building was becoming seriously overcrowded. In the late 1970s the Bureau of Financial Institutions moved into temporary office space in the new Federal Reserve building along the James River because traveling examiners and other staff had nowhere to work when they came to Richmond. The Commission once again reunited its staff when it moved to its current location in the Tyler Building in April 1993 and now employs approximately 600 persons.
From 1903 to 1919 the commissioners were appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the General Assembly. State law was changed in 1919 to require that commissioners be elected by statewide popular vote. From 1926 to 1928, membership was once again a gubernatorial appointment. As part of a sweeping reorganization of Virginia government in 1928 backed by Governor Harry F. Byrd, Sr., the state constitution was revised to give the General Assembly the power to elect SCC commissioners for six-year terms. That process has remained in effect to this day.
One commissioner experienced all three methods of selection and served the Commonwealth for an outstanding 47 years. H. Lester Hooker
was the last commissioner to be elected by popular vote when he defeated Republican D. Henry Davis in 1924. Hooker was reappointed by Governor Byrd in 1926 and was elected by the General Assembly in 1928. When he assumed the chairmanship that year, he looked for ways to streamline the Commission’s work. Hooker started a policy of rotating the chairmanship annually on February 1 so that each member could have an equal understanding of the work and no one member would be overloaded. He equalized the work by dividing the various types of regulatory activities among the members with each responsible for specific activities.
This was the operational structure of the Commission until February 1, 2002 when a change was implemented to give the chairman the dominant role in administrative matters affecting all SCC divisions. Under the new structure, the chairman assumes the role of “chief operating officer” for the agency. All SCC divisions report to the chairman who delegates administrative responsibilities, as required, to the other two commissioners.
The longevity of service by judges and employees has been a hallmark of the SCC. The independence of the agency has provided better continuity of staffing and leadership. The early successes of the Commission established a tradition of public service. Commissioner Preston C. Shannon contributed 25 years of service and Ralph T. Catterall served for 24 years. Thomas P. Harwood, Jr. completed 19 years. William Meade Fletcher served 16 years. In 2003, Theodore V. Morrison, Jr. began his fifteenth year as commissioner.
Norvell W. Atkinson was hired as a messenger for the Commission in July 1903 and stayed on for 58 years. Atkinson was known around the Capitol in Richmond for speedy deliveries and eagerness from his duties as a page at the General Assembly. The energetic messenger was soon promoted to the position of assessment clerk, and then first assistant clerk. In 1930, Atkinson was named as Clerk of the Commission and served in that capacity until 1961. Francis W. Garthright served almost as long as Atkinson in the Clerk’s Office. She was employed for 50 years, starting in March 1928 and retiring in June 1978 as assistant clerk.
Two commissioners, Henry C. Stuart and George C. Peery, were later elected governor, and Joseph E. Willard was elected lieutenant governor. Robert R. Prentis, Louis S. Epes, and Elizabeth B. Lacy became justices of the Virginia Supreme Court. Lacy still serves today. Harvey B. Apperson served as Virginia’s attorney general. William F. Rhea and George C. Peery also served in the U.S. House of Representatives.
With its impact on so many business and economic interests in Virginia, the SCC confronted its share of controversy in its first century. During the first decade, there were continual disputes between shippers and railroads. In 1918, the SCC was criticized by one of its own commissioners, Christopher B. Garnett, for having an inadequate staff for complex regulatory tasks. Garnett’s criticism reflected a persistent challenge for the Commission. As new problems arose with new industries, there was a need for new regulations, and the Commission was given more authority. Controversy was often followed by a period of stability.
In 1947, the SCC was ordered by Governor William Tuck to operate power and telephone utilities to avert strikes. In the early 1970s, inflation resulted in higher insurance and utility rates and hostile consumer groups assailed the Commission. The banking crisis in 1980s and early 1990s challenged the safety and soundness of Virginia chartered banks. Recent changes in the insurance, banking and securities industries required new regulatory strategies. The current introduction of market forces and competition into the utility industries is transforming traditional public utility regulation.
Whenever there were periods of public criticism of the SCC, ideas of reorganization surfaced to disperse some of the Commission’s authority to other areas of state government. Critics questioned how the agency could keep up and make intelligent decisions about the diverse activities of vast and complex businesses. Supporters maintained that the SCC represented a compact organization that provided cost-efficient regulation instead of a sprawling, wasteful bureaucracy. At other times there were calls for the popular election or increasing the number of commissioners. For the most part, the independence and flexibility of the Commission were sustained while the organization adapted to the shifting political world and varying economic conditions.
Changes in technology, population and economics in the second half of the 20th century brought about changes in Virginia government when citizens approved a new constitution, which became effective in 1971. While much of the specific language relating to the SCC’s fixing of rates of transportation and transmission companies was removed, the new constitution preserved the independence of the SCC. There was no change in the basic structure of the Commission except the General Assembly was given the power to increase the size from three to five members. Another provision was added guaranteeing that interests of consumers are represented in proceedings before the SCC.
Since the 1970s there have been several initiatives to reorganize Virginia government, and some SCC responsibilities have changed. The state fire marshal’s office, which administered fire safety standards and investigated arson, was transferred to the Virginia State Police in 1978. On July 1, 1979, the SCC’s Division of Aeronautics became the Department of Aviation, an executive branch agency under the Secretary of Transportation. In 1995, The General Assembly passed legislation to move the SCC’s authority over motor carrier operations to the Department of Motor Vehicles and the Virginia State Police.
Virginia in the beginning of the 21st century has a population of more than seven million, and over 70 percent of the people live in urban or suburban areas. Our expanding technology has brought electricity and telephone service to practically all of the 2.2 million occupied housing units in the Commonwealth. Use of the Internet has exploded over the last five years with 70 percent of the population now reporting that they have access.
Despite the dramatic industrial, social and demo graphic transformation in Virginia, the bedrock foundation of the State Corporation Commission has not changed since the first three commissioners took the oath of office on March 2, 1903. It remains an independent department of state government that promotes and protects the public interest. It continues to be vested with legislative, administrative, and judicial authority. No other state in the country consolidates so many regulatory functions into one organization. While always open to adapting to change, the stability of the SCC provides an opportunity for all to be heard on any matter, and to do so in an efficient and timely manner. The tasks may be highly technical in nature, but the SCC has maintained a simple structure to meet the demands of an evolving regulatory environment. As Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, “Nothing is more simple than greatness; indeed, to be simple is to be great.”
. The commissioners serve six year terms, and their appointment is staggered, so that a new appointment or reappointment vote occurs every two years.
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
regulatory agency whose authority encompasses utilities
Public utility
A public utility is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service . Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and regulation ranging from local community-based groups to state-wide government monopolies...
, insurance
Insurance
In law and economics, insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the...
, state-chartered financial institution
Financial institution
In financial economics, a financial institution is an institution that provides financial services for its clients or members. Probably the most important financial service provided by financial institutions is acting as financial intermediaries...
s, securities
Security (finance)
A security is generally a fungible, negotiable financial instrument representing financial value. Securities are broadly categorized into:* debt securities ,* equity securities, e.g., common stocks; and,...
, retail
Retail
Retail consists of the sale of physical goods or merchandise from a fixed location, such as a department store, boutique or kiosk, or by mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the purchaser. Retailing may include subordinated services, such as delivery. Purchasers may be...
franchising
Franchising
Franchising is the practice of using another firm's successful business model. The word 'franchise' is of anglo-French derivation - from franc- meaning free, and is used both as a noun and as a verb....
, and railroads. It is the state's central filing office for corporations, limited partnerships, limited liability companies and Uniform Commercial Code liens.
Mission
The State Corporation Commission strives to apply law and regulation to balance the interests of citizens, businesses, and customers in regulating Virginia's business and economic concerns and works continually to improve the regulatory and administrative processes.Objective
- Fulfill the duties prescribed by the Virginia Constitution and the law enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia fully and to the best of its ability;
- Ensure that all parties and persons who appear before the Commission receive due process of law;
- Provide reliable information and assistance to Virginians in a consistent and high-quality fashion;
- Provide assistance to Virginians who have valid disputes with regulated companies; and
- Adopt rules and regulations that keep pace with legislative, business, economic, social and technological changes.
Authority
The State Corporation Commission is an independent state agency established by the Constitution of Virginia. The General Assembly, through the legislative process, imparts responsibilities upon the Commission. Additionally, the Commission is authorized to issue its own rules and regulations to help it carry out its statutory responsibilities.The following titles of the Code of Virginia are pertinent to the State Corporation Commission:
- Title 12.1 - SCC Generally
- Title 13.1 - Corporations and Limited Liability Companies/Securities/Franchising
- Title 50 - Partnerships
- Title 6.2 - Financial Institutions and Services
- Title 38.2 - Insurance
- Title 56 - Public Service Companies (telephone, electric, natural gas, water, railroad)
- Title 58.1 - Public Service Taxation
The following titles of the Virginia Administrative Code contain State Corporation Commission regulations:
- Title 5 - Corporations
- Title 10 - Finance and Financial Institutions
- Title 14 - Insurance
- Title 20 - Public Utilities and Telecommunications
- Title 21 - Securities and Retail Franchising
- Title 24 - Railroad Regulation
Activities
Examples of SCC activities include:- Serving as the central filing office for business entities authorized to transact business in Virginia and for UCC financing statements;
- Providing licensing, regulation, examination, and investigation of insurance companies, agencies and agents;
- Regulating securities, brokers, investment advisers and registering franchises and trademarks;
- Regulating Virginia's investor-owned electric, natural gas, water and sewer utilities, and member-owned electric cooperatives;
- Providing oversight for Virginia's telecommunication industry;
- Providing accounting and financial information for the deliberation of utiltity cases;
- Assessing the property of public service corporations for local taxation, collecting various taxes and fees, and obtaining annual reports;
- Conducting research and developing special studies and forecasts related to economic and financial issues of public utilities;
- Approving rate increases for landline telephone companies, utilities, etc. and approving rate restructuring plans;
- Administering safety programs involving underground utility damage prevention, jurisdictional natural gas and hazardous liquied pipeline facilities, and railroads;
- Protecting consumers through the administration of state laws regarding depository and non-depository financial institutions; and
- Handling and investigating complaints that are energy, telephone, financial, insurance, securities or retail franchising related.
The State Corporation Commission's structure is unique in that it is organized as a separate department of government with delegated administrative, legislative, and judicial powers. The SCC's membership, powers, duties, and procedures are set out in Article IX of the Constitution of Virginia
Constitution of Virginia
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia is the document that defines and limits the powers of the state government and the basic rights of the citizens of the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia. Like all other state constitutions, it is supreme over Virginia's laws and acts of government,...
. Section 4 of that Article allows parties aggrieved by the SCC's decisions to appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court.
SCC eFile
The Commission's SCC eFile website is designed with the business owner in mind. Business entities formed or registered under Virginia corporate law to conduct business in the Commonwealth may use SCC eFile to electronically submit the most common business entity filings and payments.Introduced in December 2009, SCC eFile continually adds services through several planned system enhancements.
Current SCC eFile services include:
- Submit information or documents to form a Virginia corporation or limited liability company (LLC)
- Obtain a Certificate of Good Standing/Certificate of Fact
- Submit Virginia corporation and LLC Articles of Amendment and Restatement and LLC Articles of Cancellation using PDF submission
- Submit a financing statement/financing statement amendment using PDF submission
- Corporate and LLC annual registration fee payments
- Corporate annual report filings
- Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) financing statement/financing statement amendment filings and payment of related filing fees
- Registered agent changes/resignations
- Registered office changes
- Business entity search
This eCommerce initiative by the SCC results in less paper being printed and processed which subsequently minimizes costs for both the SCC and its business entity customers.
Virginia Energy Sense
Virginia Energy Sense is the Commonwealth of Virginia's statewide consumer education and outreach program under the guidance of the SCC to encourage electric energy efficiency and conservation in Virginia households, businesses, and institutions.In 2008, the General Assembly of Virginia directed the SCC to develop and implement an electric energy consumer education program to provide retail customers with information regarding energy conservation, energy efficiency, demand-side management, demand response, and renewable energy.
The goal is for Virginians to reduce electricity consumption by 10% below 2006 levels by 2022.
Office of the Managed Care Ombudsman
The Office of the Managed Care Ombudsman was created in 1999, enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia and signed into legislation by then-Governor Jim GilmoreJim Gilmore
James Stuart "Jim" Gilmore III is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia, former 68th Governor of Virginia, and a member of the Republican Party. A native Virginian, Gilmore studied at the University of Virginia, and then served in the U.S. Army as a counterintelligence agent...
. This office is within the SCC's Bureau of Insurance.
The principal function of the Managed Care Ombudsman is to help Virginia consumers who have health care insurance provided by a Managed Care Health Insurance Plan (MCHIP), such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization. The Managed Care Ombudsman can assist consumers in understanding and exercising their rights of appeal of adverse decisions made by MCHIPs.
The Managed Care Ombudsman answers inquiries about MCHIPs and managed care, and helps individuals who experience problems. The Ombudsman also assists individuals in understanding how managed care functions and provides information on the types of MCHIPs available in Virginia. The Ombudsman cannot investigate or resolve complaints, but can refer individuals who have a complaint to the internal review mechanisms at the MCHIP or to the appropriate government agency.
C.A.R.E. Program
Established by the SCC's Division of Utility and Railroad Safety, the C.A.R.E. program is made up of education plans and training modules relative to the Underground Utility Damage Prevention Act, and the Commission Rules for Enforcement of the Act. A statewide Education Executive Committee, with seven members representing excavators, utility operators, locators, the notification center and SCC staff, meet yearly to review the results of the education efforts and recommends an education and training plan for the next year. Education plans have included brand marketing, general outreach and training workshops.Investor Education Program
The SCC's Division of Securities & Retail Franchising provides Virginians with the investor information needed to make appropriate decisions for their financial future, as well as to avoid investment fraud. This division provides free content associated with the Investor Education program in the form of publications, brochures, and teaching guides, including general outreach and presentations.History
The Virginia Constitution of 1902 created the SCC to replace the Virginia Board of Public WorksVirginia Board of Public Works
The Virginia Board of Public Works was a governmental agency which oversaw and helped finance the development of Virginia's internal transportation improvements during the 19th century. In that era, it was customary to invest public funds in private companies, which were the forerunners of the...
and the Office of Railroad Commissioner. The three-member Commission was charged with regulating the state railroads and telephone and telegraph companies and with registering corporations in Virginia. The SCC began operations on March 2, 1903. Since then, the Virginia General Assembly
Virginia General Assembly
The Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere, established on July 30, 1619. The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members,...
has broadened the SCC's regulatory authority.
The 1902 Constitution vested the SCC with three forms of power—judicial, legislative, and executive. The SCC acts as a court of record
Court of record
In common law jurisdictions, a court of record is a judicial tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person of the magistrate designated generally to hold it, and proceeding according to the course of common law, its acts and proceedings being enrolled for a...
and holds formal hearings when warranted. It can enforce its orders by fines or contempt citations. There is a right of appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court from any SCC decision. The SCC's executive authority is exercised in its day-to-day administration. Its legislative authority is exercised when it makes rules or sets rates.
SCC 1903-2003, Celebrating a Century of Service to the Commonwealth
The creation of the Virginia State Corporation Commission in the early years of the 20th century was a decisive shift in the organization of state government. Regulatory decision making moved from the legislature to a permanent body which could hire specialists and conduct inquiries. The SCC was organized as a separate department of state government with its own legislative, administrative and judicial powers. As the decades went by, the Commission was given increased regulatory authority over diverse business and economic interests. Because of its unique structure and duties, it has been described as the “fourth branch of government” and “the most powerful regulatory body in America.”The typical Virginian in 1900 lived on a farm or in a small rural community. With a population of 1.8 million, more than 81 percent of Virginians were classified rural with transportation facilities that were about the same as they had been a century before. Richmond, with a population of 85,000, was the largest city. Oil lamps were used to light homes, and wood or coal provided heat. Horses or mules pulling carriages or wagons were the principal means of travel in rural areas with roads deep with mud in wet weather and dusty at other times. There were fewer than one million telephones in the Bell Telephone System in the entire United States. Public schools in Virginia were open for a session that lasted 119 days, or about four months. Nearly all of the schools were elementary with only a handful of four-year high schools. There was no compulsory attendance law, so that thousands of children did not bother to go to school or were put to work by their parents.
The first commercially successful electric streetcar line in the world began operations in Richmond in 1888, and by 1900 trolleys had replaced horse-drawn cars in many other cities. The new trolley network led to the development of electric utility companies that began to sell surplus power for commercial and residential use. However, only eight percent of the country had electricity service at the turn of the century. Automobiles were a novelty and rarely ventured out of the cities. A man who considered driving a car from
Staunton to Norfolk in 1900 had to ship it by freight train because of impassible roads and one county that barred automobiles from using its roads. Railroads were developing and expanding rapidly with small independent lines being consolidated into large rail companies, but were subject to little or no control by the state or federal government. If a train trip was anticipated, the service to rural areas was irregular often with dirty and unheated coaches.
The unfair freight and passenger rates charged by the railroads in Virginia were among the chief grievances of a growing number of farmers, populists and progressives at the turn of the century. When Virginians voted in 1900 to hold a constitutional convention to overhaul state government, several populist leaders saw it as an opportunity to address the abuses of the railroad companies.
The General Assembly laid out a limited number of general regulations for railroads as early as 1837, and in 1867 gave the Board of Public Works restricted authority to investigate railroad and canal companies. Virginia was the first state in the south to try to regulate railroads with the creation in 1877 of the Office of the Railroad Commissioner. But the commissioner had little power other than to supervise and recommend. Railroad lobbyists frustrated repeated efforts in the General Assembly to strengthen the railroad commission by raising fears that similar restrictions would be placed on other corporations.
When the constitutional convention convened in the old Hall of the House of Delegates at the Capitol on June 12, 1901, there was significant support for the creation of a regulatory body that would control railroad companies and fix rates to protect the people of Virginia. A. Caperton Braxton, chairman of the corporations committee at the convention, stated that if consumers ultimately bear the cost of transportation they should be protected from the greed of common carriers. He advocated the formation of a government organization with the authority to administer equal justice between the two opposite interests.
Chief credit for the establishment of the regulatory body that became the State Corporation Commission goes to Braxton. Ralph Waldo Emerson was thinking of a man like Braxton when he wrote: “An institution is the lengthened shadow of one man.” A Staunton businessman and lawyer, the politically independent Braxton had a strong belief that the government should strictly control corporations that tended toward monopoly. At the time, railroads were the wealthiest and most powerful corporations in Virginia.
The nation’s railroads were growing at a phenomenal rate and had become essential to economic expansion. Unfortunately excessive power and corruption accompanied their rapid growth. Braxton described the railroads as “grasping, selfish, tyrannical, overbearing and relentless” in their determination to maintain the status quo, pay as few taxes as possible, and discriminate in freight and passenger rates.
Under Braxton’s leadership, the committee on corporations produced a report that outlined provisions for a state corporation commission with legislative, administrative and judicial powers necessary for “the vigorous and complete execution of its duty to regulate and control the operation of railroads.” Friends of the powerful railroad lobby responded with vigor during the convention sessions and in the state’s major newspapers. They argued that such a commission was unnecessary and too powerful. Regulatory functions should be exercised only by the legislature or an agency created by the legislature. An independent commission would “hamper cripple and probably bankrupt every great railroad corporation in the State.” It was “highway robbery under the forms of the law.” Braxton was personally attacked as a wild anarchist with a warped mind.
Braxton skillfully and persuasively defended his report during the 10 months of convention deliberations. He was determined to detach the control of the railroads from the General Assembly. He also wanted to give the SCC all the powers of a court of record, which could be done only by constitutional provision. Braxton later wrote: “The vast superiority of the railroad managers over the general legislature in mobility and quickness of action enabled them to design and execute plans to evade the law faster then the legislature could establish new laws to defeat their new plans.” Even the Richmond newspapers, some of his harshest critics, expressed admiration for Braxton’s defense of his proposals. The constitutional article on corporations was passed with only minor revisions. The convention adjourned on June 26, 1902, and the new constitution was proclaimed to be in effect two weeks later. The new State Corporation Commission would replace the Board of Public Works and the Office of Railroad Commissioner.
The 1902 constitution authorized the appointment of three commissioners by the Governor and confirmed by the General Assembly for the regulation of transportation and transmission companies. Historian Virginius Dabney maintains that the establishment of the State Corporation Commission represented an entirely new departure in the machinery of government and conferred on the Commission a wider jurisdiction than enjoyed by any similar state agency in the country, before or since. Instead of applying the accepted doctrine of the separation of powers in government, the framers of the constitution authorized an organization with its own legislative, administrative and judicial powers. The Commission could make its own rules and enforce them. No state court except the Virginia Supreme Court could review or reverse any of its rulings.
The railroad lobby’s dire predictions of chaos and economic decline never materialized. The authority and constitutionality of the Commission were challenged in a series of complicated cases in state and federal courts. Ultimately in 1908 the Supreme Court of the United States sustained the right of the SCC to fix intrastate rates. Historian Allen W. Moger wrote that from the beginning the Commission followed a policy of conciliation where possible. Moger added that although the Commission was subjected to its share of criticism, in general it protected the interests of both the public and the corporations.
The Commission moved into its first permanent offices in July 1903 on the fourth floor of the Richmond City Hall on the north side of Capitol Square. The five rooms were described as “commodious and ample” in the SCC’s first annual report. Almost immediately it began to regulate the rates and services of railroads, telephone and telegraph companies as well as grant charters, issue orders and assess corporate property.
The first charter was issued on May 23, 1903 to the Virginia-Carolina Stave and Lumber Company, Inc. of Richmond. R. H. Bruce was listed as the president of the company. He also was listed as the vice president of the second company to get a charter that day, the Virginia Telephone Company of Amelia.
In the first year of service, the Commission reported that it granted 482 charters for corporations and generated $488,271 in revenue for the Commonwealth while spending a budget of under $24,000. Processing consumer complaints was a significant Commission activity from the very beginning the SCC reported. “A very large number of complaints against railroads were informally brought to the attention of the Commission…and all…were promptly taken up by the Commission and proper relief given in all cases in which the complaints were just founded.” Although the exact date is unclear, the commissioners were soon referred to as “judges.” The 1902 constitution had given the SCC the powers of a court of record and stated at least one commissioner “possess the qualifications prescribed for judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals.”
Within three years the Commission’s regulatory authority was broadened by the General Assembly with the creation of the Bureau of Insurance. That same year, the SCC also was authorized to investigate cases of suspected arson. The regulation of banking was added in 1910, and fixing the rates of public utilities began in 1914. The supervision of the sale of securities (Blue Sky Law) started in 1918. The regulation of transportation by motor vehicle began in 1923.
This new form of transportation soon challenged the railroad monopoly and provided new tax revenue for the Commonwealth collected by the SCC. At one point, the motor carrier sections issued 14 different kinds of licenses authorizing public carriers. Vehicles ranging from taxicabs to charter buses to interstate trucks had to display a little oblong license issued by the SCC. Commission inspectors had full police powers, and in 1956 made 943 arrests.
Aviation in Virginia came under SCC jurisdiction in 1928. The Division of Aeronautics was responsible for the licensing of pilots, aircraft and airports. Staff conducted safety investigations and supervised tax collections for the improvements of airfields.
From the beginning of the Commission, the legislature has approved more than 60 expansions of SCC authority. Some the of the unusual areas of authority were the licensing of dams, the registration of laundry marks, the regulation of parachute jumping and the regulation of sight-seeing and charter party boats. The Commission even had control over the tolls charged on Richmond’s Boulevard Bridge. Built in 1925 by a development company, the bridge was privately owned until 1969. When the owners wanted to reduce the toll from a dime to a nickel, they had to seek the permission of the SCC. In a 1975 Richmond Times-Dispatch series on the SCC, former Commissioner H. Lester Hooker
H. Lester Hooker
Henry Lester Hooker, Jr. was an American college basketball and baseball coach. He was the head men's basketball coach at the College of William & Mary from 1951 to 1952 and at University of Richmond from 1952 to 1963. He returned to William & Mary in 1963 to serve as athletic director.In...
was asked why the General Assembly continued to hand the regulatory agency new responsibilities. “Well, you know,” he replied, “anything they didn’t know what to do with, they’d give to the SCC.” A former Wisconsin public service commissioner Arthur L. Padrutt testifying to a legislative panel in the 1970s offered a summary of the SCC and its activities: “One can view it only with a sense of fatigue.”
As the Commission responsibilities grew, there was a need to employ a more qualified staff of clerks, accountants, examiners, investigators, engineers and lawyers. The “commodious” offices in Richmond City Hall had become rather crowded by 1906. That year, the Commission moved to the third floor of the State Capitol in the offices now occupied by the Governor’s staff. In 1908 the Commission reported that it had a staff of 11. By 1924, the 24 Commission employees moved to the ninth floor of the new State Office Building located on the southeast corner of Capitol Square (now the Washington Building).
Workforce growth continued in the 1930s and 1940s compelling the Commission to scatter staff in rented offices throughout downtown Richmond. The entire workforce of approximately 250 was brought together under one roof in 1957 when the Commission occupied seven floors of the newly constructed Blanton Building (later named the Jefferson Building) next door to the State Office Building. By 1971, 369 persons were working for the SCC, and the 13-story Blanton/Jefferson Building was becoming seriously overcrowded. In the late 1970s the Bureau of Financial Institutions moved into temporary office space in the new Federal Reserve building along the James River because traveling examiners and other staff had nowhere to work when they came to Richmond. The Commission once again reunited its staff when it moved to its current location in the Tyler Building in April 1993 and now employs approximately 600 persons.
From 1903 to 1919 the commissioners were appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the General Assembly. State law was changed in 1919 to require that commissioners be elected by statewide popular vote. From 1926 to 1928, membership was once again a gubernatorial appointment. As part of a sweeping reorganization of Virginia government in 1928 backed by Governor Harry F. Byrd, Sr., the state constitution was revised to give the General Assembly the power to elect SCC commissioners for six-year terms. That process has remained in effect to this day.
H. Lester Hooker
Henry Lester Hooker, Jr. was an American college basketball and baseball coach. He was the head men's basketball coach at the College of William & Mary from 1951 to 1952 and at University of Richmond from 1952 to 1963. He returned to William & Mary in 1963 to serve as athletic director.In...
was the last commissioner to be elected by popular vote when he defeated Republican D. Henry Davis in 1924. Hooker was reappointed by Governor Byrd in 1926 and was elected by the General Assembly in 1928. When he assumed the chairmanship that year, he looked for ways to streamline the Commission’s work. Hooker started a policy of rotating the chairmanship annually on February 1 so that each member could have an equal understanding of the work and no one member would be overloaded. He equalized the work by dividing the various types of regulatory activities among the members with each responsible for specific activities.
This was the operational structure of the Commission until February 1, 2002 when a change was implemented to give the chairman the dominant role in administrative matters affecting all SCC divisions. Under the new structure, the chairman assumes the role of “chief operating officer” for the agency. All SCC divisions report to the chairman who delegates administrative responsibilities, as required, to the other two commissioners.
The longevity of service by judges and employees has been a hallmark of the SCC. The independence of the agency has provided better continuity of staffing and leadership. The early successes of the Commission established a tradition of public service. Commissioner Preston C. Shannon contributed 25 years of service and Ralph T. Catterall served for 24 years. Thomas P. Harwood, Jr. completed 19 years. William Meade Fletcher served 16 years. In 2003, Theodore V. Morrison, Jr. began his fifteenth year as commissioner.
Norvell W. Atkinson was hired as a messenger for the Commission in July 1903 and stayed on for 58 years. Atkinson was known around the Capitol in Richmond for speedy deliveries and eagerness from his duties as a page at the General Assembly. The energetic messenger was soon promoted to the position of assessment clerk, and then first assistant clerk. In 1930, Atkinson was named as Clerk of the Commission and served in that capacity until 1961. Francis W. Garthright served almost as long as Atkinson in the Clerk’s Office. She was employed for 50 years, starting in March 1928 and retiring in June 1978 as assistant clerk.
Two commissioners, Henry C. Stuart and George C. Peery, were later elected governor, and Joseph E. Willard was elected lieutenant governor. Robert R. Prentis, Louis S. Epes, and Elizabeth B. Lacy became justices of the Virginia Supreme Court. Lacy still serves today. Harvey B. Apperson served as Virginia’s attorney general. William F. Rhea and George C. Peery also served in the U.S. House of Representatives.
With its impact on so many business and economic interests in Virginia, the SCC confronted its share of controversy in its first century. During the first decade, there were continual disputes between shippers and railroads. In 1918, the SCC was criticized by one of its own commissioners, Christopher B. Garnett, for having an inadequate staff for complex regulatory tasks. Garnett’s criticism reflected a persistent challenge for the Commission. As new problems arose with new industries, there was a need for new regulations, and the Commission was given more authority. Controversy was often followed by a period of stability.
In 1947, the SCC was ordered by Governor William Tuck to operate power and telephone utilities to avert strikes. In the early 1970s, inflation resulted in higher insurance and utility rates and hostile consumer groups assailed the Commission. The banking crisis in 1980s and early 1990s challenged the safety and soundness of Virginia chartered banks. Recent changes in the insurance, banking and securities industries required new regulatory strategies. The current introduction of market forces and competition into the utility industries is transforming traditional public utility regulation.
Whenever there were periods of public criticism of the SCC, ideas of reorganization surfaced to disperse some of the Commission’s authority to other areas of state government. Critics questioned how the agency could keep up and make intelligent decisions about the diverse activities of vast and complex businesses. Supporters maintained that the SCC represented a compact organization that provided cost-efficient regulation instead of a sprawling, wasteful bureaucracy. At other times there were calls for the popular election or increasing the number of commissioners. For the most part, the independence and flexibility of the Commission were sustained while the organization adapted to the shifting political world and varying economic conditions.
Changes in technology, population and economics in the second half of the 20th century brought about changes in Virginia government when citizens approved a new constitution, which became effective in 1971. While much of the specific language relating to the SCC’s fixing of rates of transportation and transmission companies was removed, the new constitution preserved the independence of the SCC. There was no change in the basic structure of the Commission except the General Assembly was given the power to increase the size from three to five members. Another provision was added guaranteeing that interests of consumers are represented in proceedings before the SCC.
Since the 1970s there have been several initiatives to reorganize Virginia government, and some SCC responsibilities have changed. The state fire marshal’s office, which administered fire safety standards and investigated arson, was transferred to the Virginia State Police in 1978. On July 1, 1979, the SCC’s Division of Aeronautics became the Department of Aviation, an executive branch agency under the Secretary of Transportation. In 1995, The General Assembly passed legislation to move the SCC’s authority over motor carrier operations to the Department of Motor Vehicles and the Virginia State Police.
Virginia in the beginning of the 21st century has a population of more than seven million, and over 70 percent of the people live in urban or suburban areas. Our expanding technology has brought electricity and telephone service to practically all of the 2.2 million occupied housing units in the Commonwealth. Use of the Internet has exploded over the last five years with 70 percent of the population now reporting that they have access.
Despite the dramatic industrial, social and demo graphic transformation in Virginia, the bedrock foundation of the State Corporation Commission has not changed since the first three commissioners took the oath of office on March 2, 1903. It remains an independent department of state government that promotes and protects the public interest. It continues to be vested with legislative, administrative, and judicial authority. No other state in the country consolidates so many regulatory functions into one organization. While always open to adapting to change, the stability of the SCC provides an opportunity for all to be heard on any matter, and to do so in an efficient and timely manner. The tasks may be highly technical in nature, but the SCC has maintained a simple structure to meet the demands of an evolving regulatory environment. As Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, “Nothing is more simple than greatness; indeed, to be simple is to be great.”
Composition
The SCC is composed of three commissioners, each of whom is appointed by a joint vote of both houses of the Virginia Legislature. No person shall be eligible to serve as a member of the Commission unless at the time of his election or appointment he is a qualified voter under Virginia law. However, at least one member of the commission must, at any given time, meet the requirements set forth for judges of a Virginia court of recordCourt of record
In common law jurisdictions, a court of record is a judicial tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person of the magistrate designated generally to hold it, and proceeding according to the course of common law, its acts and proceedings being enrolled for a...
. The commissioners serve six year terms, and their appointment is staggered, so that a new appointment or reappointment vote occurs every two years.
Past and Present Commissioners
| Commissioner | Years of Service | Profession | Other Information |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beverly T. Crump | 4, 1903–1907 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Henry C. Stuart | 5, 1903–1908 | Cattle breeder, businessman, politician | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Henry Fairfax | 3, 1903–1905 | Railroad construction contractor | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Joseph E. Willard Joseph Edward Willard Joseph Edward Willard was a U.S. political figure from the Commonwealth of Virginia.-Biography:He served for eight years in the Virginia House of Delegates, prior to his election as the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He held that office from 1902 through 1906, leaving after an unsuccessful run... |
4, 1905–1910 | Financier, railroads, corporate manager | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Robert R. Prentis Robert R. Prentis Robert R. Prentis was born at the University of Virginia where his father was proctor of the university. His education was very scant because of the death of his father while Robert was still a boy. When just a very young man, he worked for a short time in the clerk’s office in Albemarle County,... |
9, 1907–1916 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment |
| William F. Rhea William Francis Rhea William Francis Rhea was a U.S. Representative from Virginia, a Virginia state court judge, and a member of the Virginia State Corporation Commission.... |
18, 1908–1925 | Attorney, politician | Gubernatorial appointment |
| J.R. Wingfield | 8, 1910–1918 | Businessman, politician | Gubernatorial appointment |
| C.B. Garnett | 2, 1916–1918 | Attorney, politician | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Alexander Forward | 5, 1918–1923 | Real estate, newspaper political writer and editor | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Robert E. Williams | 1, 1918–1919 | Attorney | Temporary Gubernatorial appointment for Commissioner Forward during war service |
| S.L. Lupton | 1, 1918–1919 | Orchardist, farmer | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Berkley D. Adams | 9, 1919–1928 | Farmer, businessman | Gubernatorial appointment |
| Oscar L. Shewmake | 1, 1923–1924 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment |
| H. Lester Hooker H. Lester Hooker Henry Lester Hooker, Jr. was an American college basketball and baseball coach. He was the head men's basketball coach at the College of William & Mary from 1951 to 1952 and at University of Richmond from 1952 to 1963. He returned to William & Mary in 1963 to serve as athletic director.In... |
47, 1924–1972 | Attorney | Elected by popular vote; later elected by Virginia General Assembly Virginia General Assembly The Virginia General Assembly is the legislative body of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the oldest legislative body in the Western Hemisphere, established on July 30, 1619. The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members,... |
| Louis S. Epes Louis S. Epes Louis Spencer Epes was born in Prince William County, Virginia. He was educated in public schools in Nottoway and at Hoge Military Academy in Blackstone before he entered Hampden-Sydney College in 1898... |
4, 1925–1929 | Attorney | Elected by popular vote |
| William Meade Fletcher | 16, 1928–1943 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment; later elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| George C. Peery George C. Peery George Campbell Peery was an American Democratic politician, and was the 52nd Governor of Virginia from 1934-1938.... |
3, 1929–1933 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment; resigned SCC to run for governor |
| Thomas W. Ozlin | 11, 1933–1944 | Attorney, businessman, real estate, banker, part-owner of newspaper | Gubernatorial appointment; later, elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Harvey B. Apperson | 4, 1944–1947 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Robert O. Norris | 3 mos., 1944 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment; appointment voided by Virginia Supreme Court |
| L. McCarthy Downs | 5, 1944–1949 | Auditor | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| W. Marshall King | 10, 1947–1957 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment; later, elected Virginia General Assembly |
| Ralph T. Catterall Ralph T. Catterall Ralph Tunnicliff Catterall , judge of the Virginia State Corporation Commission, was born in Chicago, Illinois, and graduated from Harvard University. During World War I he was a second lieutenant in the United States Army.... |
24, 1949–1973 | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment; later, elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Jesse W. Dillon | 14, 1957–1972 | Politician | Gubernatorial appointment; later elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Preston C. Shannon | 24, 1972–1996 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Junie L. Bradshaw | 13, 1972–1985 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Thomas P. Harwood, Jr. | 19, 1973–1992 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Elizabeth B. Lacy Elizabeth B. Lacy Elizabeth Bermingham Lacy is a Virginia jurist and was the first woman named to the Virginia State Corporation Commission and subsequently was the first woman named to be a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. Lacy is a graduate of St. Mary's College at Notre Dame and the University of Texas... |
3, 1985–1988 | Attorney | Appointed by former Virginia Governor Gerald L. Baliles Gerald L. Baliles Gerald L. Baliles was the 65th Governor of Virginia and is the director of the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia... ; later elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Theodore V. Morrison, Jr. | 19, 1989–2007 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Hullihen Williams Moore | 12, 1992–2004 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| I. Clinton Miller | 10, 1996–2006 | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Mark C. Christie | 2004–present | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| Judith Williams Jagdmann | 2006–present | Attorney | Elected by Virginia General Assembly |
| James C. Dimitri | 2008–present | Attorney | Gubernatorial appointment; later elected by Virginia General Assembly |