Stalker (stalking)
Encyclopedia
A stalker is someone who engages in stalking
. The harassment may be physical, psychological, or through the use of Information and communications technology (ICT), i.e., internet
or phone
.
>.
, which the stalker feels for not having attributes he considers to be ideal. Physical, intellectual, or emotional defects generate a feeling of inferiority, for which the stalker attempts to compensate by developing a superiority complex
. This makes the stalker live within the fiction that he possesses values, attributes and qualities that he truly lacks, denying them to others defensively. In defense of their own sense of superiority, he denies that others may possess these positive qualities, but when an individual who really does have these characteristics enters the stalker's environment, it clashes with, and poses a danger to, their inflated sense of self. The reaction to that painful reality often involves denial
and attempts to eliminate the source of cognitive dissonance
, sometimes through physical aggression. The aim is to remove the victim from the psychological horizon because their or her skills pose to the stalker the risk of psychological destabilization.
According to Rodriguez Lopez in his book "Mobbing at work", he defines these people as "bitter, frustrated, envious, jealous or selfish, taking one or several or all of these traits to a greater or lesser degree. They are needed admiration, recognition and prominence, and they want to appear, or appear to rise even when you simply want to hurt another person or void."
The stalker lacks the emotional skills that their victims have, he thinks that by destroying their victim can somehow assimilate their interpersonal skills.
Marie-France Hirigoyen, in their "moral harassment", provides a number of characteristics of narcissistic personalities that can help detect a persecutor or harassment in the workplace:
The Stalker
According to Maria José Edreira, in "Phenomenology of mobbing", most experts in personality speak psychopathic or antisocial personality (Adams and Crawford), narcissistic personality (Hirigoyen, Wyatt and Hare ) active irrelevant mediocrity (González de Rivera [10]), organizational psychopath (Piñuel and Iñaki Zabala). There is talk of paranoid traits in fact a perverse narcissist is very close to paranoid, are closely related and get along well, but is only part of their personality characteristics. Their psychological profile has the following characteristics:
Feelings of inadequacy are the ones that the harasser to remove from your environment that considers a threat, the victim. Experts often talk about the "skeletons in the closet" of bullying, often have a past "criminal" in which victims have been removed successive at work as partners. The experience acquired in their years of harassment makes him perfect their technique until it becomes a master of incitement to suicide. They are considered psychic serial murderers. Bullying is a dead man in life you need good guy image that others have it to survive, in their obsession with keeping this image masks, wash hands, avoid staining their hands with blood and take their responsibility other.
Bullies are motivated by a desire for control over the actions and feelings of their victims, and a desire to maintain some connection with them through manipulation and control - without taking into account the wishes of the victim. Very often, bullies often threaten and annoy a hostile and aggressive behavior can lead to violence.
, romantic obsession, hatred, envy
, revenge, or the inability to accept rejection.
Harassment toxic agents are in most cases the upper or head, often supported by thugs or assassins. There are also many predators among their own comrades of the victim, and it is estimated that 4% of cases, bullying is bottom-up, i.e., subordinate to a superior.
Often the actions of bullies in groups or bands of harassment, and it is often yelling, insults, reprimands constant humiliation
, false accusations, hindrances, little jokes, nicknames, all of which can lead to the real lynching victim's psychological murder, if it is practiced among all workers, it is very difficult to prove.
The lack of empathy explains their inability to take the place of the bullied and being insensitive to the suffering of this.
The presence of cognitive distortion
s have to do with the fact that its interpretation of reality tends to avoid the evidence of the facts and often involve a delegation of responsibilities to other people. So, normally responsible for their actions harassing the victim, which would have disturbed or challenged previously, which does not reflect any kind of remorse for their conduct (the data indicate that approximately 70% of stalkers respond to this profile).
Current psychology, on the other hand, identifies bullies at school the likelihood of a permissive upbringing that may have been good enough not internalize the reality principle: the rights of one should be harmonized with those of others. The consequence is the difficulty to get in the place of another by a lack of altruism tied to an ego which grows at the expense of others, mere instruments in their service, and has a very low threshold for frustration. Some authors call this type of child as a child tyrant.
The rude boy in the family played in the school probably acquired habits. Neither respect nor empathize with teachers or with peers. Their frustration may lead him to choose a scapegoat. Often one partner will make it clear their limitations and shortcomings, or simply seems vulnerable.
Stalking
Stalking is a term commonly used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person and/or monitoring them via the internet...
. The harassment may be physical, psychological, or through the use of Information and communications technology (ICT), i.e., internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
or phone
Phone
Within phonetics, a phone is:* a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the phonology of a language* a speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties...
.
Types of stalkers by environment in which harassment occurs
One can differentiate between different types of stalkers by the kind of harassment they do:- Bullying stalker: is the cause of bullying, and is minor.
- Cyberstalker: causes of cyberstalkingCyberstalkingCyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, a group of individuals, or an organization. It may include false accusations, monitoring, making threats, identity theft, damage to data or equipment, the solicitation of minors for sex, or...
may be greater or minor. - Mobbing stalker: causes mobbingMobbingMobbing in the context of human beings either means bullying of an individual by a group in any context. Identified as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation,...
- Psychological or physical stalker
- Sexual harassmentSexual harassmentSexual harassment, is intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. In some contexts or circumstances, sexual harassment is illegal. It includes a range of behavior from seemingly mild transgressions and...
Four behaviors of stalkers
The Wiredsafety website defines four types of bullying: obsessive-simple, obsessive love, disappointed Erotomanic, and false victim syndrome.- Simple obsessionals stalk former romantic partners, sometimes ones they abused. In Geberth research, this group of bullies is the largest, at 47%, and poses the greatest threat to the victim.
- The second type shows an obsessive love, with little easier to establish personal relationships, and in some cases may suffer mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. People who stalk celebrities, despite not knowing them personally, belong to this category. Is the second largest group, according to Geberth, with 43% of those bullies.
- The third group, Erotomaniacs, believe it is the victim who is in love, and chases them. Wiredsafety lists this as a subgroup of the second category.
- The fourth group consists of subjects with false victim syndrome (Hickey), which is characterized by harassing the victim.
Psychological stalker
According to Antonio Chacón Medina, author of "A new face of Internet harassment, <Envy
The psychological stalker is said to be driven by feelings of inferiority and guiltGuilt
Guilt is the state of being responsible for the commission of an offense. It is also a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person realizes or believes—accurately or not—that he or she has violated a moral standard, and bears significant responsibility for that...
, which the stalker feels for not having attributes he considers to be ideal. Physical, intellectual, or emotional defects generate a feeling of inferiority, for which the stalker attempts to compensate by developing a superiority complex
Superiority complex
Superiority complex refers to an exaggerated feeling of being superior to others. The term was coined by Alfred Adler , as part of his School of Individual psychology...
. This makes the stalker live within the fiction that he possesses values, attributes and qualities that he truly lacks, denying them to others defensively. In defense of their own sense of superiority, he denies that others may possess these positive qualities, but when an individual who really does have these characteristics enters the stalker's environment, it clashes with, and poses a danger to, their inflated sense of self. The reaction to that painful reality often involves denial
Denial
Denial is a defense mechanism postulated by Sigmund Freud, in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence.The subject may use:* simple denial: deny the reality of the...
and attempts to eliminate the source of cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions. Dissonance is also reduced by justifying,...
, sometimes through physical aggression. The aim is to remove the victim from the psychological horizon because their or her skills pose to the stalker the risk of psychological destabilization.
Lack of principles
According to Iñaki Zabala Piñuel the bullies are "people who have a profound personality change. They are individuals who have no internal moral standard, that does not hesitate to eliminate a competitor. The harasser may also be a narcissistic individual, with a deep inferiority complex, but, to others, always saying how much it is worth. These subjects tend to be surrounded by mediocre people or submissive to confirm this idea they have of themselves. In fact, often low- bright, but very clever at manipulating others, both to get their cooperation anonymous and silent, as to abuse. They are experts in human weakness. They are true psychopaths, lack the capacity to take the place of others. Their mind also works in reverse. The tears produced compassion on them will not. Signs of weakness are pivotal in emphasizing their aggressive behavior. These psychopaths trying to humiliate, annul, and destroy their victim. To do this, do not hesitate to attack verbally or physically and invent all sorts of rumors and slander. Their manipulates others and support their public lynching. Mobbing causes one in five suicides in Europe."According to Rodriguez Lopez in his book "Mobbing at work", he defines these people as "bitter, frustrated, envious, jealous or selfish, taking one or several or all of these traits to a greater or lesser degree. They are needed admiration, recognition and prominence, and they want to appear, or appear to rise even when you simply want to hurt another person or void."
Lack of empathy
Bullying, unlike other types of harassment, can be maintained until the last moment, and beyond, the inner conviction of having done anything wrong. As well as sexual harassment, the active subject is the defendant, often internalizing upon arrival to the courts that something has been done, but try to dramatize their behavior with phrases like "...but do not have a narrow-minded" or "we are in a liberalized society" and other similar phrases.The stalker lacks the emotional skills that their victims have, he thinks that by destroying their victim can somehow assimilate their interpersonal skills.
Marie-France Hirigoyen, in their "moral harassment", provides a number of characteristics of narcissistic personalities that can help detect a persecutor or harassment in the workplace:
The Stalker
- possesses a grand idea of his or her own importance.
- has unlimited fantasies of success and power.
- would like to think that they are considered special and unique.
- has an excessive need to be admired.
- may be greatly enamored with the stalking victim or their attributes.
- "Explodes" in their relationships.
- lacks in Emotional maturity and empathy, does not feel guilty easily.
- has an arrogant attitude and behavior.
- is self-conscious about the stalking victim.
According to Maria José Edreira, in "Phenomenology of mobbing", most experts in personality speak psychopathic or antisocial personality (Adams and Crawford), narcissistic personality (Hirigoyen, Wyatt and Hare ) active irrelevant mediocrity (González de Rivera [10]), organizational psychopath (Piñuel and Iñaki Zabala). There is talk of paranoid traits in fact a perverse narcissist is very close to paranoid, are closely related and get along well, but is only part of their personality characteristics. Their psychological profile has the following characteristics:
- Lack of empathy: they are unable to take the place of another, focus on themselves but seek support from others. Insensitive, unable to be depressed and to experience true feelings of grief or sadness. In their interpersonal relationships are the other as a threat, we need humility to enrich and learn from others. Live in fear of the capabilities of the people around them.
- Irresponsible and lacking in guilt: they have difficulty making decisions in their daily lives and require others to assume that responsibility. They defend themselves by mechanisms of projection and denial, we allocated the blame on the other. Is aware that it has feelings and pretends to disguise before others. It has no sense of guilt but is a master of manipulating this feeling in others.
- Lie compulsively and systematically: at its most competitive. Often lead double lives and remade their private life easily because they pose as victims. Pretend the appropriation of the features that crossing the trust of others both in their private life, as in professional and social. They are impostors who pretend to give the impression of a good person. To see clearly that they lie, but their lies are so big and so blatant in public that the victims are often left awestruck, paralyzed and unable to respond.
- Messianic Megalomania and discourse: are placed in the reference position of right and wrong, have moralizing discourse, exhibit irreproachable moral values are presented as religious people or civic. Thus get a good image of themselves, while denouncing human perversion. They usually have rhetorical skill but their speech is very abstract, can not be concrete and when I try to go to the end of the insignificant details.
- House staff, enter into relationships with others to seduce. They are often described as charming, hence the reaction of awe of their surroundings when they are discovered in the crime. This ability is closely related seductive form of lying, often use the stories of others in which they place themselves as actors shamelessly.
- Vampirism and parasitic lifestyle, feels an intense jealousy toward those who seem to have things they do not have, especially to those who enjoy life. They are very pessimistic and vitality of the other points you their own shortcomings. To assert is to destroy. Compensates for its lack of self-esteem with the lowering of its victims and the exaltation of its supposed qualities. In private life partners are often very optimistic and marry people they can live. Always try to find a high social status but not succeed. When they talk often refer to people of high social rank who have sex with, usually these people only exist in your imagination. At work I get others to do the job. They are unable to perform tasks that others would do without any difficulty.
- Paranoia: the perverse narcissist takes power through seduction, paranoid force. The perverse narcissistic resort to physical force only when the lure stops being effective. The phase of physical violence, bullying process is itself an imbalance paranoid. When the wicked attack it is designed to protect, attack before being attacked. It also has the type of mechanism of paranoid projective own: it is located and is perceived by others as a victim of the people who assaulted, allegedly betrayed them.
- Handling premeditated: it randomly manipulated as would a criminal psychopath. The organizational psychopath has a thoughtful and deliberate goal: power. The tactics of the psychopath is usually always follow the same pattern of study and evaluation phase, phase and phase manipulation of confrontation.
Feelings of inadequacy are the ones that the harasser to remove from your environment that considers a threat, the victim. Experts often talk about the "skeletons in the closet" of bullying, often have a past "criminal" in which victims have been removed successive at work as partners. The experience acquired in their years of harassment makes him perfect their technique until it becomes a master of incitement to suicide. They are considered psychic serial murderers. Bullying is a dead man in life you need good guy image that others have it to survive, in their obsession with keeping this image masks, wash hands, avoid staining their hands with blood and take their responsibility other.
Education
Bullies come from all segments of society, experts say, but all have a number of features in common. All have been raised with values such as submission and arrogance, not equal, and are used to subdue, among others.Bullies are motivated by a desire for control over the actions and feelings of their victims, and a desire to maintain some connection with them through manipulation and control - without taking into account the wishes of the victim. Very often, bullies often threaten and annoy a hostile and aggressive behavior can lead to violence.
Anonymity
In the case of griefer, he feels in a position of power from the apparent anonymity that is perceived as being "online." During that time you collect all possible information about his victim, mainly in those areas that are part of his private life and their movements on the Web Having obtained such information, when the bully starts the process of harassment. However, if the bully is really a depraved person and / or sick, whether the information gathered so far is enough, begin the siege through the various means at its disposal. His motivation for harassment always revolves around sexual harassmentSexual harassment
Sexual harassment, is intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. In some contexts or circumstances, sexual harassment is illegal. It includes a range of behavior from seemingly mild transgressions and...
, romantic obsession, hatred, envy
Envy
Envy is best defined as a resentful emotion that "occurs when a person lacks another's superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it."...
, revenge, or the inability to accept rejection.
Mobbing stalker
The ultimate goal of the harasser is the victim's psychological state, and the main reason for concealing his own mediocrity, all because of fear and insecurity experienced by stalkers to their own careers. In this way, you can divert attention or detract from risk situations for them, making scapegoats real victims of the organizations. The mere presence of the victim in the workplace triggers, due to its distinctive features, a series of unconscious reactions caused by prior psychological problems posed by bullies. At other times, the fear comes from the threat posed to them the knowledge by the victim of irregular situations, illegal or fraud.Harassment toxic agents are in most cases the upper or head, often supported by thugs or assassins. There are also many predators among their own comrades of the victim, and it is estimated that 4% of cases, bullying is bottom-up, i.e., subordinate to a superior.
Often the actions of bullies in groups or bands of harassment, and it is often yelling, insults, reprimands constant humiliation
Humiliation
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It can be brought about through bullying, intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have...
, false accusations, hindrances, little jokes, nicknames, all of which can lead to the real lynching victim's psychological murder, if it is practiced among all workers, it is very difficult to prove.
Bullying stalker
Although the school bully need not suffer from any mental illness or severe personality disorder, usually presents some kind of psychopathology. Fundamentally, has no empathy and some type of cognitive distortion.The lack of empathy explains their inability to take the place of the bullied and being insensitive to the suffering of this.
The presence of cognitive distortion
Cognitive distortion
Cognitive distortions are exaggerated and irrational thoughts identified in cognitive therapy and its variants, which in theory perpetuate certain psychological disorders. The theory of cognitive distortions was first proposed by Aaron T. Beck. Eliminating these distortions and negative thoughts is...
s have to do with the fact that its interpretation of reality tends to avoid the evidence of the facts and often involve a delegation of responsibilities to other people. So, normally responsible for their actions harassing the victim, which would have disturbed or challenged previously, which does not reflect any kind of remorse for their conduct (the data indicate that approximately 70% of stalkers respond to this profile).
Current psychology, on the other hand, identifies bullies at school the likelihood of a permissive upbringing that may have been good enough not internalize the reality principle: the rights of one should be harmonized with those of others. The consequence is the difficulty to get in the place of another by a lack of altruism tied to an ego which grows at the expense of others, mere instruments in their service, and has a very low threshold for frustration. Some authors call this type of child as a child tyrant.
The rude boy in the family played in the school probably acquired habits. Neither respect nor empathize with teachers or with peers. Their frustration may lead him to choose a scapegoat. Often one partner will make it clear their limitations and shortcomings, or simply seems vulnerable.
See also
- Antisocial personality disorderAntisocial personality disorderAntisocial personality disorder is described by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition , as an Axis II personality disorder characterized by "...a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood...
- HarassmentHarassmentHarassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset, and it is characteristically repetitive. In the legal sense, it is intentional behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing...
- Narcissistic personality disorderNarcissistic personality disorderNarcissistic personality disorder is a personality disorder in which the individual is described as being excessively preoccupied with issues of personal adequacy, power, prestige and vanity...
- Psychological manipulationPsychological manipulationPsychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the perception or behavior of others through underhanded, deceptive, or even abusive tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at the other's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative,...
- PsychopathyPsychopathyPsychopathy is a mental disorder characterized primarily by a lack of empathy and remorse, shallow emotions, egocentricity, and deceptiveness. Psychopaths are highly prone to antisocial behavior and abusive treatment of others, and are very disproportionately responsible for violent crime...
- School bullyingSchool bullyingSchool bullying is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.In schools, bullying occurs in all areas...
- SextingSextingSexting is the act of sending sexually explicit messages or photographs, primarily between mobile phones. The term was first popularized in early 21st century, and is a portmanteau of sex and texting, where the latter is meant in the wide sense of sending a text possibly with...
- Suicide of Tyler ClementiSuicide of Tyler ClementiTyler Clementi was an eighteen-year-old student at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey, who jumped to his death from the George Washington Bridge on September 22, 2010. His roommate Dharun Ravi had video streamed Clementi kissing another man over the Internet without Clementi's knowledge,...
- Suicide of Ryan Halligan
- Suicide of Megan MeierSuicide of Megan MeierMegan Taylor Meier , was an American teenager from Dardenne Prairie, Missouri, who committed suicide by hanging three weeks before her fourteenth birthday. A year later, Meier's parents prompted an investigation into the matter and her suicide was attributed to cyber-bullying through the social...
- Victim blamingVictim blamingVictim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime, an accident, or any type of abusive maltreatment are held entirely or partially responsible for the transgressions committed against them. Blaming the victim has traditionally emerged especially in racist and sexist forms...