Speed skating at the Winter Olympics
Encyclopedia
Speed skating
Speed skating
Speed skating, or speedskating is a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in traveling a certain distance on skates. Types of speed skating are long track speed skating, short track speed skating, and marathon speed skating...

has been featured as a sport in the Winter Olympics since the first winter games
1924 Winter Olympics
The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France...

 in 1924. Women's events were added to the Olympic program for the first time in 1960
1960 Winter Olympics
The 1960 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event held between February 18 and 28, 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States. In 1955 at the 50th IOC meeting, the organizing committee made the surprise choice to award Squaw Valley as...

.

History

The governing body for speed skating International Skating Union
International Skating Union
The International Skating Union is the international governing body for competitive ice skating disciplines, including figure skating, synchronized skating, speed skating, and short track speed skating. It was founded in Scheveningen, Netherlands in 1892, making it one of the oldest international...

 (ISU), was included in the list of recognized federations when the International Olympic Committee
International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president...

 was founded, but was first discussed seriously for the 1908 Summer Olympics
1908 Summer Olympics
The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the IV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in 1908 in London, England, United Kingdom. These games were originally scheduled to be held in Rome. At the time they were the fifth modern Olympic games...

 in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

. No speed skating events were contested, although figure skating – also governed by the ISU – was on the programme. The preliminary calendar for the 1916 Summer Olympics
1916 Summer Olympics
The anticipated 1916 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were to have been held in Berlin, Germany. However, due to the outbreak of World War I, the games were cancelled.-History:...

, to be held in Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...

, listed a 3-event allround competition, but these Games were cancelled because of World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...

.

The International Winter Sports Week in Chamonix
Chamonix
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a commune in the Haute-Savoie département in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It was the site of the 1924 Winter Olympics, the first Winter Olympics...

, retro-actively dubbed the 1924 Winter Olympics
1924 Winter Olympics
The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France...

, contained five speed skating events. Uncommon for the time, it not only included an all-round competition, but also awarded medals for the individual distances: 500 m, 1500 m, 5000 m and 10000 m. The all-round event was dropped before the 1928 Games
1928 Winter Olympics
The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated February 11–19, 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The 1928 Games were the first true Winter Olympics held on its own as they were not in conjunction with a Summer Olympics...

, even though it remained the only World Championship format
World Speed Skating Championships
The International Skating Union organises the following World Championships in the sport of speed skating:* Allround** Men's Allround** Women's Allround* Sprint** Men's Sprint** Women's Sprint* Men's Single Distances* Women's Single Distances* Short Track...

 in the sport until the 1970s; single distance World Championships were not established until 1996.

The 1932 speed skating events
Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics
At the 1932 Winter Olympics, four speed skating events were contested. For the only time in the Olympic history, the speed skating were held as packstyle events, having all competitors skate at the same time. This competition form was not common in Europe and gave the runners from the United States...

 were held according to the rules of the American speed skating federation, meaning the skaters competed in small packs of skaters (similar to short track speed skating
Short track speed skating
Short track speed skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters skate on an oval ice track with a circumference of 111.12 m...

), instead of the common against-the-clock format. These Games in Lake Placid, New York
Lake Placid, New York
Lake Placid is a village in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County, New York, United States. As of the 2000 census, the village had a population of 2,638....

 also saw the first female speed skaters at the Olympics, although their events were only demonstration events. Women's events were also set to be held at the 1940 Winter Olympics
1940 Winter Olympics
The anticipated 1940 Winter Olympics, which would have been officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were to be celebrated in 1940 in Sapporo, Japan.The games were cancelled due to the onset of World War II...

, which were cancelled. After the war
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, they were withdrawn again until 1960, when the women skated 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m and 3000 m.

Following the introduction of World Sprint Championships in the early 1970s, the 1000 m for men was added in Innsbruck 1976
1976 Winter Olympics
The 1976 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XII Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated February 4–15, 1976 in Innsbruck, Austria...

, while the women's 5000 m, reinstated by the ISU as an official distance in 1981, made its Olympic debut in 1988
1988 Winter Olympics
The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary, Alberta, Canada from 13 to 28 February 1988. The host was selected in 1981 after having beat Falun, Sweden and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy...

. The latest addition to the Olympic speed skating programme is the team pursuit, which was added for the 2006 Turin Games
2006 Winter Olympics
The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated in Turin, Italy from February 10, 2006, through February 26, 2006. This marked the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games, the first being the VII Olympic Winter...

. Its inclusion was remarkable as it had not yet been contested at a senior World Championship in the form skated at the Olympics at the time of inclusion. It is not true that it had not yet been contested at a senior World Championship, the Dutch team won the 2005 title in Inzell
Eisstadion Inzell
Eisstadion Inzell is a stadium located in Inzell, Germany, best known as a speed skating venue. It is an outdoor, artificial ice, rink, located 690 metres above sea level and has a capacity of 20,000 people...

, but in that form they only had to skate once and be the fastest, while the Olympic form required three starts.

At the 2010 Winter Olympics
2010 Winter Olympics
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially the XXI Olympic Winter Games or the 21st Winter Olympics, were a major international multi-sport event held from February 12–28, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with some events held in the suburbs of Richmond, West Vancouver and the University...

, Haralds Silovs
Haralds Silovs
Haralds Silovs is a Latvian short track and long track speed skater who became the 2008 European champion in short track. During the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, he gained worldwide media attention after competing in the 1500m short track and 5000m long track speed skating events in...

 became the first athlete in Olympic history to participate in both short track
Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics
The short track speed skating competition at the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Pacific Coliseum 13–26 February 2010.China dominated the competition, sweeping the women's events - winning gold in the 500 m, 1,000 m 1,500 m and 3000 m relay...

 (1500m) and long track
Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics
The speed skating competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Richmond Olympic Oval between 13 and 27 February 2010.- Notes :Haralds Silovs became the first athlete in Olympic history to participate in both short track and long track speed skating, and the first to compete in two...

 (5000m) speed skating, and the first to compete in two different disciplines on the same day.

Events

The following table shows which events were contested at each Games. Women's events were demonstrated
Demonstration sport
A demonstration sport is a sport which is played to promote itself, most commonly during the Olympic Games, but also at other sporting events.Demonstration sports were officially introduced in 1912 Summer Olympics, when Sweden decided to include glima, traditional Icelandic wrestling, in the...

 in 1932.

= official event , (d) = demonstration event
Men's 500 metres
Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
These are the results of the 500 metres speed skating event at the 1924 Winter Olympics. It was the first event of the Games, held on Saturday, January 26, 1924, which makes Charles Jewtraw the first gold medal winner in Winter Olympic Games history...

Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Monday, February 13, 1928.Thirty-three speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Thursday, February 4, 1932.Sixteen speed skaters from four nations competed....

Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Tuesday, February 11, 1936.Thirty-six speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Saturday, January 31, 1948.Forty-two speed skaters from 15 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Saturday, February 16, 1952 at 3 p.m..Forty-one speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on naturally frozen ice on the Lake Misurina...

Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink and for the first time at the Olympics on artificially frozen ice...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 500 metres
The Men's 500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy. The competition consisted of two separate 500 metre races, with the competitors ranked by their cumulative time from the two races.-Records:...

21
Men's 1000 metres 10
Men's 1500 metres
Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Sunday, January 27, 1924.Twenty-two speed skaters from nine nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Tuesday, February 14, 1928.Thirty speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Friday, February 5, 1932.Eighteen speed skaters from six nations competed....

Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Thursday, February 13, 1936.Thirty-seven speed skaters from 15 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Monday, February 2, 1948.Forty-five speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Monday, February 18, 1952 at 5 p.m..Thirty-nine speed skaters from 13 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on naturally frozen ice on the Lake Misurina. It was held on Monday, January 30, 1956 started at 2 p.m...

Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink and for the first time at the Olympics on artificially frozen ice...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 1500 metres
The Men's 1500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy.-Records:Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows....

21
Men's 5000 metres
Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Saturday, January 26, 1924.Twenty-two speed skaters from ten nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Monday, February 13, 1928.Thirty-three speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Thursday, February 4, 1932.Eighteen speed skaters from six nations competed....

Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Wednesday, February 12, 1936.Thirty-seven speed skaters from 16 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Sunday, February 1, 1948.Forty speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Sunday, February 17, 1952 at 4 p.m..Thirty-five speed skaters from 13 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on naturally frozen ice on the Lake Misurina. It was held on Sunday, January 29, 1956 started at 11 a.m...

Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink and for the first time at the Olympics on artificially frozen ice...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres
The Men's 5000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 11 February, the first day of competition at the Olympics...

21
Men's 10000 metres
Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Sunday, January 27, 1924.Sixteen speed skaters from six nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Tuesday, February 14, 1928.Ten speed skaters from six nations competed....

Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Friday, February 5, 1932, on Saturday, February 6, 1932, and on Monday, February 8, 1932....

Speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1936 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Friday, February 14, 1936.Thirty speed skaters from 14 nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on Tuesday, February 3, 1948.Twenty-seven speed skaters from eleven nations competed.-Medalists:-Records:...

Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics programme. It was the last speed skating contest at this Games...

Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics programme. It was the last speed skating contest at this Games. The competition was held on naturally frozen ice on the Lake Misurina. It was held on Tuesday, January 31, 1956 started at 10 a.m...

Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The 10000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. It was the last speed skating contest at this Games. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink and for the first time at the Olympics on artificially frozen ice...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 10000 metres
The Men's 10000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, was held on 24 February.-Records:Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows....

20
Men's all-round
Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics - Men's all-round
The all-round speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics programme. It was a combined event of all four distances, which were held on Saturday, January 26, 1924 and on Sunday, January 27, 1924 during the Games...

1
Men's team pursuit 2
Women's 500 metres (d)
Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Women's 500 metres
The 500 metres speed skating event for women was part of the demonstration sport programme of the 1932 Winter Olympics. The competition was held on Monday, February 8, 1932.Ten speed skaters from two nations competed....

 
Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Women's 500 metres
The women's 500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of a women's event in Olympic speed skating. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink and for the first time at the Olympics on...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Women's 500 metres
The Women's 500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy. The competition consisted of two separate 500 metre races, with the competitors ranked by their cumulative time from the two races.-Records:...

14
Women's 1000 metres (d)
Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Women's 1000 metres
The 1000 metres speed skating event for women was part of the demonstration sport programme of the 1932 Winter Olympics. The competition was held on Tuesday, February 9, 1932.Ten speed skaters from two nations competed....

 
Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Women's 1000 metres
The women's 1000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of women's speed skating events at the Olympics. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink and for the first time at the Olympics on...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Women's 1000 metres
The Women's 1000 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy.-Records:Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows....

14
Women's 1500 metres (d)
Speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Women's 1500 metres
The 1500 metres speed skating event for women was part of the demonstration sport programme of the 1932 Winter Olympics. The competition was held on Wednesday, February 10, 1932.Ten speed skaters from two nations competed....

 
Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Women's 1500 metres
The women's 1500 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of women's speed skating events at the Olympics and the 1500 metres were the second contest after the 500 metres. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Women's 1500 metres
The Women's 1500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy.-Records:Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows....

14
Women's 3000 metres
Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Women's 3000 metres
The women's 3000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of women's speed skating events at the Olympics and the 3000 metres were the last contest at this Games. The competition was held on the Squaw Valley Olympic...

Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Women's 3000 metres
The Women's 3000m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 12 February, the second day of competition at the Olympics.-Records:...

14
Women's 5000 metres
Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Women's 5000 metres
The Women's 5000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy was held on 25 February-Records:Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows....

7
Women's team pursuit 2
Total Events 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 12 12

Medal table

1  United States 29 22 16 67
2  Netherlands 27 29 26 82
3  Norway 25 28 27 80
4  Soviet Union 24 17 19 60
5  Germany 12 14 10 36
6  German Democratic Republic 8 12 9 29
7  Canada 8 11 13 32
8  Finland 7 8 9 24
9  Sweden 7 4 5 16
10  Russia 3 4 3 10
11  South Korea 3 3 1 7
12  West Germany 3 0 0 3
13  Czech Republic 2 0 1 3
13  Italy 2 0 1 3
15  Japan 1 4 9 14
16  Austria 1 2 3 6
17 1 1 0 2
18  People's Republic of China 0 3 3 6
19  Poland 0 1 2 3
20  North Korea 0 1 0 1
20  Belarus 0 1 0 1
22  Belgium 0 0 1 1
22  Kazakhstan 0 0 1 1
Total 162 165 158 485

Updated after the 2010 Winter Olympics
2010 Winter Olympics
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially the XXI Olympic Winter Games or the 21st Winter Olympics, were a major international multi-sport event held from February 12–28, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with some events held in the suburbs of Richmond, West Vancouver and the University...

.

Number of speed skaters by country

    = Countries that did not participate in the Olympic Winter Games in that year, or didn't exist at the time.

>
 Belarus                                 2 4 5 1 1 5
 Czechoslovakia 2 1 3 2 1 2           6
 Czech Republic                                 1 1 2 3
 Estonia 2 1                       2
 Germany 3 2 1                   14 15 14 13 13 13 9
            4 12 13                         3
 German Democratic Republic                   1 2 9 9 10 11             6
 West Germany                   9 7 3 4 7 5             6
 Kazakhstan                                 8 7 8 4 5 5
 North Korea                 9 6 6 4 5 2 1 7
 South Korea         3 4 5 4 2 4 2 5 6 6 5 9 13 12 14 16 16
 Latvia 1 1 3                       1 1 1 1 7
 Lithuania 1                       1
 Russia                                 12 18 13 19 17 5
 Soviet Union             12 16 18 18 9 16 16 17 17             9
                              19           1
 Ukraine                                 2 4 2 3
Countries 10 14 6 16 15 14 18 17 22 19 18 19 20 24 21 23 21 25 23 19 24
Speed skaters 31 40 31 52 68 67 88 103 137 137 118 122 127 139 142 155 151 171 166 175 180

See also

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