Secretin receptor family
Encyclopedia
Secretin family of 7 transmembrane receptors is a family of evolutionarily related proteins
.
This family is known as Family B, the secretin-receptor family or family 2 of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Many secretin receptors are regulated by peptide hormones from the glucagon hormone family
.
The secretin-receptor family GPCRs include vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
s and receptors for secretin
, calcitonin
and parathyroid hormone
/parathyroid hormone-related peptides. These receptors activate adenylyl cyclase and the phosphatidyl-inositol-calcium pathway. The receptors in this family have 7 transmembrane helices
, like rhodopsin-like GPCRs. However, there is no significant sequence identity between these two GPCR families and the secretin-receptor family has its own characteristic 7TM signature.
The secretin-receptor family GPCRs exist in many animal species, but have not been found in plants, fungi or prokaryotes. Three distinct sub-families (B1-B3) are recognized.
s, such as receptors for secretin
and glucagon
, that are all involved in cAMP-mediated signalling pathways.
; calcium-independent receptors for latrotoxin
(such as , and brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
receptors (such as ) amongst others.
and other Drosophila
proteins. Other than the typical seven-transmembrane region, characteristic structural features include an amino-terminal extracellular domain involved in ligand binding, and an intracellular loop (IC3) required for specific G-protein coupling.
Protein family
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins, and is often nearly synonymous with gene family. The term protein family should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy....
.
This family is known as Family B, the secretin-receptor family or family 2 of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Many secretin receptors are regulated by peptide hormones from the glucagon hormone family
Glucagon hormone family
Glucagon/GIP/secretin/VIP hormones are a family of evolutionarily related peptide hormones that regulate activity of G-protein coupled receptors from secretin receptor family....
.
The secretin-receptor family GPCRs include vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor
There are two known receptors for the vasoactive intestinal peptide termed VPAC1 and VPAC2. These receptors bind both VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide to some degree...
s and receptors for secretin
Secretin receptor
Human secretin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds secretin and is the leading member of the class B GPCR subfamily.-Interactions:...
, calcitonin
Calcitonin receptor
The calcitonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the peptide hormone calcitonin and is involved in maintenance of calcium homeostasis, particularly with respect to bone formation and metabolism ....
and parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone receptor
There are two known parathyroid hormone receptors in mammals termed PTH1R and PTH2R. These receptors bind parathyroid hormone and are members of the GPCR family of transmembrane proteins....
/parathyroid hormone-related peptides. These receptors activate adenylyl cyclase and the phosphatidyl-inositol-calcium pathway. The receptors in this family have 7 transmembrane helices
Alpha helix
A common motif in the secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix is a right-handed coiled or spiral conformation, in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier...
, like rhodopsin-like GPCRs. However, there is no significant sequence identity between these two GPCR families and the secretin-receptor family has its own characteristic 7TM signature.
The secretin-receptor family GPCRs exist in many animal species, but have not been found in plants, fungi or prokaryotes. Three distinct sub-families (B1-B3) are recognized.
Subfamily B1
Subfamily B1 contains classical hormone receptorHormone receptor
A hormone receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell or in its interior that binds to a specific hormone. The hormone causes many changes to take place in the cell....
s, such as receptors for secretin
Secretin receptor
Human secretin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds secretin and is the leading member of the class B GPCR subfamily.-Interactions:...
and glucagon
Glucagon receptor
The glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa protein that is activated by glucagon and is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors, coupled to G alpha i, Gs and to a lesser extent G alpha q. Stimulation of the receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and increased levels of...
, that are all involved in cAMP-mediated signalling pathways.
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor
- PACR; PACAPRADCYAP1R1Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor also known as PAC1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1R1 gene. This receptor binds pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide....
- PACR; PACAPR
- Calcitonin receptor
- CALCRCalcitonin receptorThe calcitonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the peptide hormone calcitonin and is involved in maintenance of calcium homeostasis, particularly with respect to bone formation and metabolism ....
- CALCR
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptorCorticotropin-releasing hormone receptorCorticotropin-releasing hormone receptors , also known known as corticotropin-releasing factor receptors are a G protein-coupled receptor family that binds corticotropin-releasing hormone...
- CRHR1Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 is a protein, also known as CRF1, with the latter now being the IUPHAR-recommended name...
; CRHR2Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 is a human protein, also known as CRF2, with CRF2 now being the IUPHAR-recommended name.-External links:...
- CRHR1
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor/Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor
- GIPR
- Glucagon receptor-relatedGlucagon receptor familyThe glucagon receptor family is a group of closely related G-protein coupled receptors which include:* Glucagon receptor* Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor* Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor* Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor...
- GLP1R; GLP2R;
- Growth hormone releasing hormone receptor
- GHRHRGrowth hormone releasing hormone receptorThe growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds growth hormone-releasing hormone. The GHRHR activates a Gs protein that causes a cascade of cAMP via Adenylate cyclase.-External links:*...
- GHRHR
- Parathyroid hormone receptor
- PTHR1; PTHR2
- Secretin receptor
- SCTRSecretin receptorHuman secretin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds secretin and is the leading member of the class B GPCR subfamily.-Interactions:...
- SCTR
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptorVasoactive intestinal peptide receptorThere are two known receptors for the vasoactive intestinal peptide termed VPAC1 and VPAC2. These receptors bind both VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide to some degree...
- VIPR1VIPR1Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 also known as VPAC1, is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the VIPR1 gene. VPAC1 is expressed in the brain , lung, prostate, peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, small intestine, heart, spleen, placenta, kidney, thymus and testis.- Function :VPAC1 is...
; VIPR2VIPR2Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.- Tissue distribution :...
- VIPR1
Subfamily B2
Subfamily B2 contains receptors with long extracellular N-termini, such as the leukocyte cell-surface antigen CD97CD97
CD97 antigen is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD97 gene.-Further reading:...
; calcium-independent receptors for latrotoxin
Latrotoxin
A latrotoxin is a high-molecular mass neurotoxin found in the venom of spiders of the genus Latrodectus . Latrotoxin are the main active components of the venom and are responsible for the symptoms of latrodectism....
(such as , and brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors are G-protein coupled receptors belonging to the class B secretin subfamily. Members include:* Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1* Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2...
receptors (such as ) amongst others.
- Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitorBrain-specific angiogenesis inhibitorBrain-specific angiogenesis inhibitors are G-protein coupled receptors belonging to the class B secretin subfamily. Members include:* Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1* Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2...
- BAI1Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAI1 gene.-Interactions:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 has been shown to interact with BAIAP3 and MAGI1.-Further reading:...
; BAI2Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAI2 gene.-Further reading:...
; BAI3Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAI3 gene.-Further reading:...
- BAI1
- CD97 antigen
- CD97CD97CD97 antigen is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD97 gene.-Further reading:...
- CD97
- EMR hormone receptorEGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptorThe EGF module-containing Mucin-like hormone Receptors are closely related subgroup of G protein-coupled receptors . These receptors have a unique hybrid structure in which an extracellular epidermal growth factor -like domain is fused to a GPCR domain through a mucin-like stalk. There are four...
- CELSR1CELSR1Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1 also known as flamingo homolog 2 or cadherin family member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR1 gene.- Function :...
; CELSR2CELSR2Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR2 gene.-Further reading:...
; CELSR3CELSR3Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CELSR3 gene.- Further reading :...
; EMR1EMR1EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMR1 gene.-Further reading:...
; EMR2EMR2EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMR2 gene. EMR2 has also been designated as CD312 .-Further reading:...
; EMR3EMR3EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMR3 gene.- Function :This gene encodes a member of the class B G protein-coupled receptor family expressed predominantly by cells of the immune system...
; EMR4
- CELSR1
- GPR56 orphan receptorGPR56G-protein coupled receptor 56 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR56 gene.In melanocytic cells GPR56 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.-External links:* -Further reading:...
- GPR56GPR56G-protein coupled receptor 56 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR56 gene.In melanocytic cells GPR56 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.-External links:* -Further reading:...
; GPR64GPR64G-protein coupled receptor 64 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR64 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR97GPR97Probable G-protein coupled receptor 97 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR97 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR110GPR110Probable G-protein coupled receptor 110 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR110 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR111GPR111Probable G-protein coupled receptor 111 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR111 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR112GPR112Probable G-protein coupled receptor 112 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR112 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR113GPR113Probable G-protein coupled receptor 113 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR113 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR114GPR114Probable G-protein coupled receptor 114 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR114 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR115GPR115Probable G-protein coupled receptor 115 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR115 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR123GPR123Probable G-protein coupled receptor 123 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR123 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR125GPR125Probable G-protein coupled receptor 125 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR125 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR126GPR126Probable G-protein coupled receptor 126 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR126 gene. It is involved in the process of myelination.-Further reading:...
; GPR128GPR128Probable G-protein coupled receptor 128 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR128 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR133GPR133Probable G-protein coupled receptor 133 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR133 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR144GPR144Probable G-protein coupled receptor 144 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR144 gene.-Further reading:...
; GPR157GPR157Probable G-protein coupled receptor 157 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR157 gene.-Further reading:...
- GPR56
- Latrophilin receptorLatrophilin receptorThe latrophilin receptors are a group of related G-protein coupled receptors from the class B secretin family. These receptors were originally identified based on their ability to bind alpha-latrotoxin....
- ELTD1ELTD1EGF, latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELTD1 gene.-Further reading:...
; LPHN1LPHN1Latrophilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LPHN1 gene.-Further reading:...
; LPHN2LPHN2Latrophilin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LPHN2 gene.-Further reading:...
; LPHN3LPHN3Latrophilin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LPHN3 gene.- Function :This gene encodes a member of the latrophilin subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors . Latrophilins may function in both cell adhesion and signal transduction...
- ELTD1
Subfamily B3
Subfamily B3 includes MethuselahMethuselah
Methuselah is the oldest person whose age is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656 , at the age of 969, seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood...
and other Drosophila
Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit...
proteins. Other than the typical seven-transmembrane region, characteristic structural features include an amino-terminal extracellular domain involved in ligand binding, and an intracellular loop (IC3) required for specific G-protein coupling.
- Diuretic hormone receptor