Second scholasticism
Encyclopedia
In philosophy, the term second scholasticism denotes the 16th-century revival of the scholastic
system of philosophy
, that arose, in part, to counter the Protestant Reformation
, by returning to biblical language usage, and to the Fathers of the Church. The scientific culture of second scholasticism surpassed its medieval source (Scholasticism
) in the number of its proponents, the breadth of its scope, the analytical complexity, and the volume of editorial production, most of which remains hitherto little explored.
The intellectual influence of second scholasticism was augmented by the establishment of the Society of Jesus
(1540), by Ignatius Loyola, per approval of Pope Paul III
. The leading school were the Jesuits — Robert Bellarmine
, Francisco Suárez
, Gabriel Vásquez
; and the second school were the Scotists, in the branches of the Franciscan order, such as the Italians Antonius Trombetta, Bartolomeo Mastri, Bonaventura Belluto; the Frenchman Claude Frassen
, the Irish emigrants Luke Wadding
, John Punch, and Hugh Caughwell; and the Germans Bernhard Sannig and Crescentius Krisper. The third school were the Thomists
, usually represented by the Iberians
in the Dominican
and the Carmelite orders, such as Domingo Báñez
, Collegium Complutense, Joao Poinsot and others. There were also many "independent" thinkers like Sebastian Izquierdo, Juan Caramuel y Lobkowicz, Raffael Aversa etc.
The golden age of Second Scholasticism were the first decades of the 17th century; but second scholasticism started to decline with the onset of Enlightenment in the end of the 17th century, although scholastics such as Suarez remained influential for a long period. In some Iberian universities the scholastic culture remained vivid well into the 19 century, providing background for the birth of Neo-Scholasticism
.
Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100–1500, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending orthodoxy in an increasingly pluralistic context...
system of philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
, that arose, in part, to counter the Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
, by returning to biblical language usage, and to the Fathers of the Church. The scientific culture of second scholasticism surpassed its medieval source (Scholasticism
Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100–1500, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending orthodoxy in an increasingly pluralistic context...
) in the number of its proponents, the breadth of its scope, the analytical complexity, and the volume of editorial production, most of which remains hitherto little explored.
The intellectual influence of second scholasticism was augmented by the establishment of the Society of Jesus
Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus is a Catholic male religious order that follows the teachings of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits, and are also known colloquially as "God's Army" and as "The Company," these being references to founder Ignatius of Loyola's military background and a...
(1540), by Ignatius Loyola, per approval of Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III , born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1534 to his death in 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation...
. The leading school were the Jesuits — Robert Bellarmine
Robert Bellarmine
Robert Bellarmine was an Italian Jesuit and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation...
, Francisco Suárez
Francisco Suárez
Francisco Suárez was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement, and generally regarded among the greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas....
, Gabriel Vásquez
Gabriel Vásquez
Gabriel Vasquez was a Spanish Jesuit theologian....
; and the second school were the Scotists, in the branches of the Franciscan order, such as the Italians Antonius Trombetta, Bartolomeo Mastri, Bonaventura Belluto; the Frenchman Claude Frassen
Claude Frassen
Claude Frassen was a French Franciscan Scotist theologian and philosopher.-Life:...
, the Irish emigrants Luke Wadding
Luke Wadding
Luke Wadding was an Irish Franciscan friar and historian.-Life:Wadding was born in 16 October 1588 at Waterford to Walter Wadding of Waterford, a wealthy merchant, and his wife, Anastasia Lombard . Educated at the school of Mrs...
, John Punch, and Hugh Caughwell; and the Germans Bernhard Sannig and Crescentius Krisper. The third school were the Thomists
Thomism
Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. In philosophy, his commentaries on Aristotle are his most lasting contribution...
, usually represented by the Iberians
Iberia
The name Iberia refers to three historical regions of the old world:* Iberian Peninsula, in Southwest Europe, location of modern-day Portugal and Spain** Prehistoric Iberia...
in the Dominican
Dominican Order
The Order of Preachers , after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic and approved by Pope Honorius III on 22 December 1216 in France...
and the Carmelite orders, such as Domingo Báñez
Domingo Báñez
Domingo Bañez was a Spanish Dominican and Scholastic theologian. The qualifying Mondragonensis, attached to his name, seems to be a patronymic after his father John Bañez of Mondragón, Gipuzkoa....
, Collegium Complutense, Joao Poinsot and others. There were also many "independent" thinkers like Sebastian Izquierdo, Juan Caramuel y Lobkowicz, Raffael Aversa etc.
The golden age of Second Scholasticism were the first decades of the 17th century; but second scholasticism started to decline with the onset of Enlightenment in the end of the 17th century, although scholastics such as Suarez remained influential for a long period. In some Iberian universities the scholastic culture remained vivid well into the 19 century, providing background for the birth of Neo-Scholasticism
Neo-Scholasticism
Neo-Scholasticism is the revival and development of medieval scholastic philosophy starting from the second half of the 19th century. It has some times been called neo-Thomism partly because Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century gave to scholasticism a final form, partly because the idea gained ground...
.