Sanskrit pronouns are declined for case

Grammatical case

In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun is an inflectional form that indicates its grammatical function in a phrase, clause, or sentence. For example, a pronoun may play the role of subject , of direct object , or of possessor...

, number

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....

, and gender. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well.

Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

First- and second-person persons

The first and second person pronouns are declined for the most part alike, having by analogy

Analogy

Analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another particular subject , and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process...

 assimilated themselves with one another.

Note: Where two forms are given, the second is enclitic and an alternative form. Ablatives in singular and plural may be extended by the syllable -tas; thus mat or mattas, asmat or asmattas.

First Person			Second Person
Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	aham	āvām	vayam	tvam	yuvām	yūyam
Accusative	mām, mā	āvām, nau	asmān, nas	tvām, tvā	yuvām, vām	, vas
Instrumental	mayā	āvābhyām	asmābhis	tvayā	yuvābhyām
Dative	mahyam, me	āvābhyām, nau	asmabhyam, nas	tubhyam, te	yuvābhyām, vām	, vas
Ablative	mat	āvābhyām	asmat	tvat	yuvābhyām
Genitive	mama, me	āvayos, nau	asmākam, nas	tava, te	yuvayos, vām	, vas
Locative	mayi	āvayos	asmāsu	tvayi	yuvayos

Third-person pronouns and demonstratives

Sanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its demonstratives fulfil this function instead by standing independently without a modified substantive.

There are four different demonstratives in Sanskrit: tat, etat, idam, and adas. etat indicates greater proximity than tat. While idam is similar to etat, adas refers to objects that are more remote than tat.

The tat paradigm is given below.

Masculine			Neuter			Feminine
Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sás	tāú	té	tát	té	tā́ni	sā́	té	tā́s
Accusative	tám	tāú	tā́n	tát	té	tā́ni	tā́m	té	tā́s
Instrumental	téna	tā́bhyām	tāís	téna	tā́bhyām	tāís	táyā	tā́bhyām	tā́bhis
Dative	tásmāi	tā́bhyām	tébhyas	tásmāi	tā́bhyām	tébhyas	tásyāi	tā́bhyām	tā́bhyas
Ablative	tásmāt	tā́bhyām	tébhyam	tásmāt	tā́bhyām	tébhyam	tásyās	tā́bhyām	tā́bhyas
Genitive	tásya	táyos		tásya	táyos		tásyās	táyos	tā́sām
Locative	tásmin	táyos		tásmin	táyos		tásyām	táyos	tā́su

eta, is declined almost identically to ta. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixing e- to all the forms of ta. As a result of sandhi

Sandhi

Sandhi is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries . Examples include the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words...

, the masculine and feminine singular forms transform into and .

The ayam paradigm is given below.

Masculine			Neuter			Feminine
Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ayam	imau	ime	idam	ime	imāni	iyam	ime
Accusative	imam	imau	imān	idam	ime	imāni	imām	ime
Instrumental	anena	ābhyām	ebhis	anena	ābhyām	ebhis	anayā	ābhyām	ābhis
Dative	asmāi	ābhyām	ebhyas	asmāi	ābhyām	ebhyas	asyāi	ābhyām	ābhyas
Ablative	asmāt	ābhyām	ebhyas	asmāt	ābhyām	ebhyas	asyās	ābhyām	ābhyas
Genitive	asya	anayos		asya	anayos		asyās	anayos	āsām
Locative	asmin	anayos		asmin	anayos		asyām	anayos	āsu

The asau paradigm is given below.

Masculine			Neuter			Feminine
Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	asau	amũ	amĩ	adas	amũ	amũni	asau	amũ
Accusative	amum	amũ	amũn	adas	amũ	amũni	amũm	amũ
Instrumental	amunā	amũbhyām	amĩbhis	amunā	amũbhyām	amĩbhis	amuyā	amũbhyām	amũbhis
Dative		amũbhyām	amĩbhyas		amũbhyām	amĩbhyas		amũbhyām	amũbhyas
Ablative		amũbhyām	amĩbhyas		amũbhyām	amĩbhyas		amũbhyām	amũbhyas
Genitive		amuyos			amuyos			amuyos
Locative		amuyos			amuyos			amuyos

Enclitic pronouns

The enclitic pronoun ena is found only in a few oblique cases and numbers.

Masculine			Neuter			Feminine
Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Accusative	enam	enau	enān	enat	ene	enāni	enām	ene
Instrumental	enena			enena			eneyā
Genitive/locative		enayos			enayos			enayos

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns all begin with k-, and decline just as tat does, with the initial t- being replaced by k-. The only exception to this are the singular neuter nominative and accusative forms, which are both kim and not the expected *kat.

For example, the singular feminine genitive interrogative pronoun, "of whom?", is .

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding the particles api, cid, or cana after the appropriate interrogative pronouns.

Relative and correlative pronouns

All relative pronouns begin with y-, and decline just as tat does. The correlative pronouns are identical to the tat series.

Pronominal declension

In addition to the pronouns described above, some adjectives follow the pronominal declension. Unless otherwise noted, their declension is identical to tat.

• eka: "one", "a certain". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both ekam)
• anya: "another".
• sarva: "all", "every". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both sarvam)
• para: "the other". (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both param)
• sva: "self" (a reflexive adjective). (singular neuter nominative and accusative forms are both svam)