SS Scillin
Encyclopedia
The SS Scillin was an Italian cargo ship of approximately 1,600 tons that was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea
while transporting 814 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) from North Africa to Italy. Nearly all of the POWs died. The sinking of the Scillin is the subject of much interest on the internet
and some conspiracy theories have arisen from the circumstances and aftermath.
, after which she was operated by Belgian, French and Italian companies and successively known as the SS Memling, SS Nicole Le Borgne, SS Giuliana Pagan, SS Scillin Secondo and finally as SS Scillin.
, 814 Allied POWs were ordered into the Scillin's cargo hold, which, reportedly, was only suitable for around 300. The result was severe overcrowding and insanitary conditions. More prisoners would have been loaded, but the British military doctor (Capt. Gilbert, RAMC) made vehement and repeated protests. Some reports state that a further 195 POWs were disembarked before Scillin sailed and that there were some 200 Italian troops on board; others dispute these points saying that the only Italian troops on board were guards and gun crews and the surplus POWs were never actually boarded. She sailed on 13 November 1942.
Scillin was intercepted on the night of 14 November off the Tunisian coast by the British submarine HMS Sahib
, shelled and sunk by a single torpedo. Those in the hold had little chance of survival as the torpedo had hit the hold itself and the ship sank rapidly. Sahib was able to rescue 27 POWs (26 British and one South African), the Scillin's captain and 45 Italian crew members, before the arrival of an Italian warship obliged her to leave. Only when survivors were heard speaking English, was the ship's purpose realised.
The details of Scillin's loss and the circumstances of the death of the Allied POWs were kept secret for more than 50 years, until persistent enquiries by relations and historians prompted - or forced - a more open response. The reasons for such official reticence for such a long period are unclear, although there are claims that it was deemed necessary so as not to jeopardise intelligence sources.
Consideration was given to the prosecution of Italians for war crimes, that is, the murder of 783 prisoners. This arose from the lack of life-saving equipment and attempts by Italians to "batten-down" (ie, close) the hatches where the POWs were kept, thus preventing their escape. Prosecution was abandoned due to lack of evidence.
) that so accurately predicted the Scillin's position and schedule and thus enabled Sahib to intercept her and also that POWs were on board. It should be remembered that Ultra was highly secret and great efforts were made to prevent the Axis discovering or disclosing that their signals were being read; Ultra's existence was only publicly disclosed in the 1970s.
to the POWs lost at sea on Sebastiano Venier (9 December 1941), Ariosto (15 February 1942), Tembien (27 February 42), Nino Bixio (17 August 1942), Loreto(13 October 1942) and Scillin (14 November 1942).
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant...
while transporting 814 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) from North Africa to Italy. Nearly all of the POWs died. The sinking of the Scillin is the subject of much interest on the internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
and some conspiracy theories have arisen from the circumstances and aftermath.
History of the Scillin
The Scillin had been built in 1903 as the SS H M Pellatt. She was operated by British and Canadian companies until 1920, including war service in World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, after which she was operated by Belgian, French and Italian companies and successively known as the SS Memling, SS Nicole Le Borgne, SS Giuliana Pagan, SS Scillin Secondo and finally as SS Scillin.
Final voyage
At TripoliTripoli
Tripoli is the capital and largest city in Libya. It is also known as Western Tripoli , to distinguish it from Tripoli, Lebanon. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean , describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings. Tripoli is a Greek name that means "Three...
, 814 Allied POWs were ordered into the Scillin's cargo hold, which, reportedly, was only suitable for around 300. The result was severe overcrowding and insanitary conditions. More prisoners would have been loaded, but the British military doctor (Capt. Gilbert, RAMC) made vehement and repeated protests. Some reports state that a further 195 POWs were disembarked before Scillin sailed and that there were some 200 Italian troops on board; others dispute these points saying that the only Italian troops on board were guards and gun crews and the surplus POWs were never actually boarded. She sailed on 13 November 1942.
HMS Sahib (P212)
HMS Sahib was an S class submarine of the Royal Navy, and part of the Third Group built of that class. She was built by Cammell Laird and launched on January 19, 1942...
, shelled and sunk by a single torpedo. Those in the hold had little chance of survival as the torpedo had hit the hold itself and the ship sank rapidly. Sahib was able to rescue 27 POWs (26 British and one South African), the Scillin's captain and 45 Italian crew members, before the arrival of an Italian warship obliged her to leave. Only when survivors were heard speaking English, was the ship's purpose realised.
Official reaction
British submarine commanders had been instructed not to attack enemy civilian ships that were en route from North Africa to Italy. In an inquiry, Sahib's commander (Lt. John Bromage) was cleared of culpability, since he claimed that Scillin had born no lights, he had believed that Scillin was carrying Italian troops, had appeared to be en route to Africa and had not responded to the initial shelling (two rounds), intended to halt her.The details of Scillin's loss and the circumstances of the death of the Allied POWs were kept secret for more than 50 years, until persistent enquiries by relations and historians prompted - or forced - a more open response. The reasons for such official reticence for such a long period are unclear, although there are claims that it was deemed necessary so as not to jeopardise intelligence sources.
Consideration was given to the prosecution of Italians for war crimes, that is, the murder of 783 prisoners. This arose from the lack of life-saving equipment and attempts by Italians to "batten-down" (ie, close) the hatches where the POWs were kept, thus preventing their escape. Prosecution was abandoned due to lack of evidence.
Conspiracy theories
It has been suggested that it was deemed important to conceal the source of the intelligence (UltraUltra
Ultra was the designation adopted by British military intelligence in June 1941 for wartime signals intelligence obtained by "breaking" high-level encrypted enemy radio and teleprinter communications at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. "Ultra" eventually became the standard...
) that so accurately predicted the Scillin's position and schedule and thus enabled Sahib to intercept her and also that POWs were on board. It should be remembered that Ultra was highly secret and great efforts were made to prevent the Axis discovering or disclosing that their signals were being read; Ultra's existence was only publicly disclosed in the 1970s.
Further losses
The Scillin was only one example of the loss of Allied POWs, five more ships had been attacked in the preceding year with 2,000 casualties; Ultra had predicted each of the POW transportations. There is a memorial plaque at the National Memorial ArboretumNational Memorial Arboretum
The National Memorial Arboretum is a national site of remembrance at Alrewas, near Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. It gives its purpose as:-Origins:...
to the POWs lost at sea on Sebastiano Venier (9 December 1941), Ariosto (15 February 1942), Tembien (27 February 42), Nino Bixio (17 August 1942), Loreto(13 October 1942) and Scillin (14 November 1942).