Robert T. Craig (scholar)
Encyclopedia
Robert T. Craig is a communication theorist
from the University of Colorado, Boulder who received his B.A. in Speech at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and his M.A and PhD. in communication from Michigan State University
. Craig was on the 1988 founding board of the journal "Research on Language and Social Interaction," a position he continues to hold. From 1991-1993 Craig was the founding editor of the International Communication Association
journal "Communication Theory" which has been in continuous publication since 1991. He is currently the editor for the ICA
Handbook series. In 2009 Craig was elected as a Lifetime Fellow for the International Communication Association, an organization he was president for in 2004-2005.
Craig's work "Communication Theory as a Field
" received the Best Article Award from the International Communication Association
as well as the Golden Anniversary Monograph Award from the National Communication Association
. That work has since been translated into French and Russian. The theory presented in "Communication Theory as a Field" has become the basis of the book "Theorizing Communication" which Craig co-edited with Heidi Muller, as well as being adopted by several other communication theory textbooks as a new framework for understanding the field of communication theory.
which will "guide the development and assessment of normative
theories." Craig and Tracy argue that the communication discipline has been dominated by scientific theory which is concerned with what is, while normative theories
are centrally concerned with what ought to be. This neglect of normative theories "limits the practical usefulness of communication studies."
Grounded practical theory (GPT) is a metatheoretical
approach based on Craig's (1989) notion of communication as a practical, rather than scientific
, discipline. The goal of communication as a practical discipline is to develop normative theories
to guide practice. Based on this argument, GPT was developed as a methodologically grounded means of theorizing communication practices. GPT involves (1) reconstructing communicative practices, (2) redescribing those practices in less context-specific terms, and (3) identifying implicit principles which guide the practice. Generally a GPT study begins by looking for troubles or dilemmas endemic to situated interaction and observable in discourse. This constitutes the “problem level” and the “grounded” component of the GPT approach. Then, problems are reconstructed concretely and abstractly and matched with the techniques which participants employ for dealing with those problems. This constitutes the “technical level” and is an important part of the theorizing process. Finally, the ideals and standards shaping the practice and how to manage its problems and techniques constitute the “philosophical level.” This situates the practice both locally and generally for the purpose of normative critique. A methodological approach which is explicitly guided by GPT is action implicative discourse analysis (AIDA).
as a practical discipline and shows how "various traditions of communication theory can be engaged in dialogue on the practice of communication." In this deliberative process theorists would engage in dialog about the "practical implications of communication theories." In the end Craig proposes seven different traditions of Communication Theory and outlines how each one of them would engage the others in dialogue.
Craig argues that while the study of communication and communication theory has become a rich and flourishing field "Communication theory as an identifiable field of study does not yet exist" and the field of communication theory has become fragmented into separate domains which simply ignore each other. This inability to engage in dialog with one another causes theorists to view communication from isolated viewpoints, and denies them the richness that is available when engaging different perspectives. Craig argues that communication theorists are all engaging in the study of practical communication. By doing so different traditions are able to have a common ground from which a dialog can form, albeit each taking a different perspective of communication. Through this process of forming a dialog between theorists with different viewpoints on communication “communication theory can fully engage with the ongoing practical discourse (or metadiscourse) about communication in society."
The communication discipline began not as a single discipline, but through many different disciplines independently researching communication. This interdisciplinary beginning has separated theorists through their different conceptions of communication, rather than unifying them in the common topic of communication. Craig argues that the solution to this incoherence in the field of communication is not a unified theory of communication, but to create a dialogue between these theorists which engages these differences with one another to create new understandings of communication.
To achieve this dialog Craig proposes what he calls “Dialogical-Dialectical coherence,” or a “common awareness of certain complementaries and tensions among different types of communication theory." Craig believes that the different theories cannot develop in total isolation from one another, therefore this dialogical-dialectical coherence will provide a set of background assumptions from which different theories can engage each other in productive argumentation. Craig argues for a metatheory, or "second level" theory which deals with "first level" theories about communication. This second level metamodel of communication theory would help to understand the differences between first level communication traditions. With this thesis in place, Craig proposes seven suggested traditions of communication that have emerged and each of which have their own way of understanding communication.
These proposed seven traditions of communication theory are then placed on a a table first to show how each traditions different interpretation of communication defines the tradition's vocabulary, communication problems, and commonplaces, and next to show what argumentation between the traditions would look like.
Communication theory
Communication theory is a field of information and mathematics that studies the technical process of information and the human process of human communication.- History :- Origins :...
from the University of Colorado, Boulder who received his B.A. in Speech at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and his M.A and PhD. in communication from Michigan State University
Michigan State University
Michigan State University is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act.MSU pioneered the studies of packaging,...
. Craig was on the 1988 founding board of the journal "Research on Language and Social Interaction," a position he continues to hold. From 1991-1993 Craig was the founding editor of the International Communication Association
International Communication Association
The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an...
journal "Communication Theory" which has been in continuous publication since 1991. He is currently the editor for the ICA
International Communication Association
The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an...
Handbook series. In 2009 Craig was elected as a Lifetime Fellow for the International Communication Association, an organization he was president for in 2004-2005.
Craig's work "Communication Theory as a Field
Communication Theory as a Field
In 1999 Robert T. Craig wrote a landmark article "Communication Theory as a Field" which has since received the Best Article Award from the International Communication Association as well as the Golden Anniversary Monograph Award from the National Communication Association. That work has since...
" received the Best Article Award from the International Communication Association
International Communication Association
The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an...
as well as the Golden Anniversary Monograph Award from the National Communication Association
National Communication Association
The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries...
. That work has since been translated into French and Russian. The theory presented in "Communication Theory as a Field" has become the basis of the book "Theorizing Communication" which Craig co-edited with Heidi Muller, as well as being adopted by several other communication theory textbooks as a new framework for understanding the field of communication theory.
Grounded Practical Theory
In 1995 Robert T. Craig and Karen Tracy published "Grounded Practical Theory: The case of Intellectual Discussion". This was an attempt by Craig and Tracy to create a methodological model using discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysis , or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event....
which will "guide the development and assessment of normative
Normative
Normative has specialized contextual meanings in several academic disciplines. Generically, it means relating to an ideal standard or model. In practice, it has strong connotations of relating to a typical standard or model ....
theories." Craig and Tracy argue that the communication discipline has been dominated by scientific theory which is concerned with what is, while normative theories
Normative
Normative has specialized contextual meanings in several academic disciplines. Generically, it means relating to an ideal standard or model. In practice, it has strong connotations of relating to a typical standard or model ....
are centrally concerned with what ought to be. This neglect of normative theories "limits the practical usefulness of communication studies."
Grounded practical theory (GPT) is a metatheoretical
Metatheory
A metatheory or meta-theory is a theory whose subject matter is some other theory. In other words it is a theory about a theory. Statements made in the metatheory about the theory are called metatheorems....
approach based on Craig's (1989) notion of communication as a practical, rather than scientific
Empirical
The word empirical denotes information gained by means of observation or experimentation. Empirical data are data produced by an experiment or observation....
, discipline. The goal of communication as a practical discipline is to develop normative theories
Normative
Normative has specialized contextual meanings in several academic disciplines. Generically, it means relating to an ideal standard or model. In practice, it has strong connotations of relating to a typical standard or model ....
to guide practice. Based on this argument, GPT was developed as a methodologically grounded means of theorizing communication practices. GPT involves (1) reconstructing communicative practices, (2) redescribing those practices in less context-specific terms, and (3) identifying implicit principles which guide the practice. Generally a GPT study begins by looking for troubles or dilemmas endemic to situated interaction and observable in discourse. This constitutes the “problem level” and the “grounded” component of the GPT approach. Then, problems are reconstructed concretely and abstractly and matched with the techniques which participants employ for dealing with those problems. This constitutes the “technical level” and is an important part of the theorizing process. Finally, the ideals and standards shaping the practice and how to manage its problems and techniques constitute the “philosophical level.” This situates the practice both locally and generally for the purpose of normative critique. A methodological approach which is explicitly guided by GPT is action implicative discourse analysis (AIDA).
Communication Theory as a Field
In 1999 Craig wrote a landmark article "Communication Theory as a Field" which expanded the conversation regarding disciplinary identity in the field of communication. At that time, communication theory textbooks had little to no agreement on how to present the field or what theories to include in their textbooks. This article has since become the foundational framework for four different textbooks to introduce the field of communication. In this article Craig "proposes a vision for communication theory that takes a huge step toward unifying this rather disparate field and addressing its complexities." To move toward this unifying vision Craig focused on communication theoryCommunication theory
Communication theory is a field of information and mathematics that studies the technical process of information and the human process of human communication.- History :- Origins :...
as a practical discipline and shows how "various traditions of communication theory can be engaged in dialogue on the practice of communication." In this deliberative process theorists would engage in dialog about the "practical implications of communication theories." In the end Craig proposes seven different traditions of Communication Theory and outlines how each one of them would engage the others in dialogue.
Craig argues that while the study of communication and communication theory has become a rich and flourishing field "Communication theory as an identifiable field of study does not yet exist" and the field of communication theory has become fragmented into separate domains which simply ignore each other. This inability to engage in dialog with one another causes theorists to view communication from isolated viewpoints, and denies them the richness that is available when engaging different perspectives. Craig argues that communication theorists are all engaging in the study of practical communication. By doing so different traditions are able to have a common ground from which a dialog can form, albeit each taking a different perspective of communication. Through this process of forming a dialog between theorists with different viewpoints on communication “communication theory can fully engage with the ongoing practical discourse (or metadiscourse) about communication in society."
The communication discipline began not as a single discipline, but through many different disciplines independently researching communication. This interdisciplinary beginning has separated theorists through their different conceptions of communication, rather than unifying them in the common topic of communication. Craig argues that the solution to this incoherence in the field of communication is not a unified theory of communication, but to create a dialogue between these theorists which engages these differences with one another to create new understandings of communication.
To achieve this dialog Craig proposes what he calls “Dialogical-Dialectical coherence,” or a “common awareness of certain complementaries and tensions among different types of communication theory." Craig believes that the different theories cannot develop in total isolation from one another, therefore this dialogical-dialectical coherence will provide a set of background assumptions from which different theories can engage each other in productive argumentation. Craig argues for a metatheory, or "second level" theory which deals with "first level" theories about communication. This second level metamodel of communication theory would help to understand the differences between first level communication traditions. With this thesis in place, Craig proposes seven suggested traditions of communication that have emerged and each of which have their own way of understanding communication.
- RhetoricRhetoricRhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western...
al: views communication as the practical art of discourse. - Semiotic: views communication as the mediation by signs.
- Phenomenological: communication is the experience of dialogue with others.
- CyberneticCyberneticsCybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to information theory, control theory and systems theory, at least in its first-order form...
: communication is the flow of information. - Socio-psychologicalSocial psychology (sociology)Social psychology , known as sociological social psychology, and sometimes as psychological sociology, is an area of sociology that focuses on social actions and on interrelations of personality, values, and mind with social structure and culture...
: communication is the interaction of individuals. - Socio-cultural: communication is the production and reproduction of the social order.
- CriticalCritical theoryCritical theory is an examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other in literary criticism...
: communication is the process in which all assumptions can be challenged.
These proposed seven traditions of communication theory are then placed on a a table first to show how each traditions different interpretation of communication defines the tradition's vocabulary, communication problems, and commonplaces, and next to show what argumentation between the traditions would look like.
Conclusion
Craig concluded with an open invitation to explore how the differences in these theories might shed light on key issues, show where new traditions could be created, and engaging communication theory with communication problems through metadiscourse. Craig further proposes several future traditions that could possibly be fit into the metamodel. A feminist tradition where communication is theorized as "connectedness to others", an aesthetic tradition theorizing communication as "embodied performance", an economic tradition theorizing communication as "exchange", and a spiritual tradition theorizing communication on a "nonmaterial or mystical plane of existence."Books and Chapters
| Year | Author | Chapter Title | Book Title | Page numbers | Editor | Publisher | ISBN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Tracy, K.; Craig, R. T. | Studying Interaction in order to Cultivate Communicative Practices: Action-Implicative Discourse Analysis | New Adventures in Language and Interaction | 145-166 | Streech, J. | John Benjamins Publishing Company | ISBN 978-90-272-5600-3 |
| 2010 | Tracy, K.; Craig, R. T | Framing Discourse as Argument in Appellate Courtrooms: Three Cases on Same-Sex Marriage | The Functions of Argument and Social Context, 2009 | 46-53 | Gouran D. S. | National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
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| 2009 | Craig, R. T. | Metatheory | Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, Vol. 2 | 657-661 | Littlejohn, S. W.; Foss, K. A. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7 |
| 2009 | Craig, R. T.; Robles, J. S. | Pragmatics | Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, Vol. 2 | 790-794 | Littlejohn, S. W.; Foss, K. A. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7 |
| 2009 | Craig, R. T. | Traditions of Communication Theory | Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, Vol. 2 | 958-963 | Littlejohn, S. W.; Foss, K. A. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 978-1-4129-5937-7 |
| 2009 | Barge, J. K.; Craig, R. T. | Practical Theory in Applied Communication Scholarship | Routledge Handbook of Applied Communication Research | 55-78 | Frey, R.; Cissna, K. N. | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... |
ISBN 0-203-87164-2 |
| 2008 | Craig, R. T. | Communication as a Field and Discipline | The International Encyclopedia of Communication Vol. II | 675-688 | Donsbach, W. | Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley's Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing, after Wiley took over Blackwell Publishing in... |
ISBN 1405131993 |
| 2008 | Craig, R. T. | Meta-discourse | The International Encyclopedia of Communication Vol. II | 3707-3709 | Donsbach, W. | Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley's Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing, after Wiley took over Blackwell Publishing in... |
ISBN 1405131993 |
| 2007 | Craig, R. T.' and Muller, H. L. | Theorizing Communication: Readings Across Traditions | Craig, R. T.; and Muller, H. L. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 978-1-4129-5237-8 | ||
| 2006 | Craig, R. T. | Communication as a Practice | Communication as...: Perspectives on Theory | 38-47 | Shepherd, G. J.; John, J. ST.; and Striphas, T. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 978-1412906586 |
| 2005 | Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K. | "The Issue" in Argumentation Practice and Theory | Argumentation in Practice | 11-28 | Eemeren, F. H; Houtlosser, P. | John Benjamins Publishing Company | ISBN 90-272-1882-x |
| 1990 | Craig, R. T. | Multiple Goals in Discourse: An Epilogue (Reprint of Journal Article) | Multiple Goals in Discourse | 163-170 | Tracy, K.; Coupland, N. | Multilingual Matters Ltd. | ISBN 1-85359-099-1 |
| 1989 | Craig R. T. | Communication as a Practical Discipline | Rethinking Communication; Volume 1: Paradigm Issues | 97-122 | Dervin B.; Grossberg L.; O'Keefe B., Wartella E. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 9780803930292 |
| 1993 | Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K; Spisak, F. | The Discourse of Requests: Assessment of a Politeness Approach (Reprint of journal article) | Contemporary Perspectives on Interpersonal Communication | 264-284 | Petronio, S.; Alberts, J. K.; Hecht, M. L.; Buley, J. | Brown & Benchmark | ISBN 978-0697133564 |
| 1983 | Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K. | Conversational Coherence: Form, Structure, and Strategy | Craig, R. T.; and Tracy, K. | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
ISBN 0803921225 |
Journal Articles
| Year | Author | Title | Journal | Volume/Issue | Pages | Publisher | DOI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Garcia-Jimenez, L.; Craig, R. T. | What Kind Of Difference do we Want to Make? | Communication Monographs | 77(4) | 429-431 | Taylor and Francis Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in the United Kingdom which publishes books and academic journals. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.- Overview :... ; Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
10.1080/03637751.2010.523591 |
| 2009 | Craig, R. T. | Reflections on "Communication Theory as a Field" | Ravue internationale de communication sociale et publique | 2009(2) | 7-12 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; Université du Québec à Montréal Université du Québec à Montréal The Université du Québec à Montréal is one of four universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.-Basic facts:The UQAM is the largest constituent element of the Université du Québec , a public university system with other branches in Gatineau , Rimouski, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec City, Chicoutimi, and... |
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| 2009 | Craig, R. T.; Saint-Charles, J. (Trans.), Mongeau, P. (Trans.) | La Communication en Tant Que Champ D'etudes (French translation of Communication Theory as a field) | Ravue internationale de communication sociale et publique | 2009(1) | 1-42 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; Université du Québec à Montréal Université du Québec à Montréal The Université du Québec à Montréal is one of four universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.-Basic facts:The UQAM is the largest constituent element of the Université du Québec , a public university system with other branches in Gatineau , Rimouski, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec City, Chicoutimi, and... |
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| 2008 | Craig, R. T. | Communication in the Conversation of Disciplines | Russian Journal of Communication | 1(1) | 7-24 | Russian Communication Association (RCA) | |
| 2007 | Craig, R. T. | Pragmatism in the Field of Communication Theory | Communication Theory | 17(2) | 125-145 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00292.x |
| 2006 | Craig, R. T. | A Path Through the Methodolgical Divides | KEIO Communication Review | 28 | 9-17 | EBSCO Industries EBSCO Industries EBSCO Industries, headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, is a privately held, widely diversified corporation and the largest subscription agency in the world. It was founded in 1944 by Elton Bryson Stephens... ; Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |
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| 2005 | Craig, R. T. | How We Talk About How We Talk: Communication Theory in the Public Interest. ICA presidential address 2004 | Journal of Communication | 44(4) | 659-667 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03015.x |
| 2003 | Craig, R. T. | Ethnomethodology's Program and Practical Inquiry (HTML) | Research on Language and Social Interaction | 36(4) | 471-479 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; Taylor and Francis Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in the United Kingdom which publishes books and academic journals. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.- Overview :... |
10.1207/S15327973RLSI3604_6 |
| 2001 | Craig, R. T. | Minding my Metamodel, Mending Myers | Communication Theory | 11(2) | 231-240 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1468-2885.2001.tb00241.x |
| 2000 | Craig, R. T.; Sanusi, A.L. | "I'm just saying": Discourse Markers of Standpoint Continuity | Argumentation | 14(4) | 425-445 | Springer Springer Science+Business Media - Selected publications :* Encyclopaedia of Mathematics* Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete * Graduate Texts in Mathematics * Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique... |
10.1023/A:1007880826834 |
| 1999 | Craig, R. T. | Communication Theory as a Field | Communication Theory | 9(2) | 119-161 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355 |
| 1999 | Craig, R. T. | Metadiscourse, Theory, and Practice | Research on Language and Social Interaction | 32(1) | 21-29 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; Taylor and Francis Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in the United Kingdom which publishes books and academic journals. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.- Overview :... ; National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
10.1207/S15327973RLSI321&2_4 |
| 1998 | Craig, R. T.; Carlone, D. A. | Growth and Transformation of communication Studies in U. S. Higher Education: Towards Reinterpretation | Communication Education | 47(1) | 67-81 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; Taylor and Francis Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in the United Kingdom which publishes books and academic journals. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.- Overview :... ; National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
10.1080/03634529809379111 |
| 1996 | Craig, R. T. | Practical-Theoretical Argumentation | Argumentation | 10(4) | 461-474 | Kluwer Academic Publishers | 10.1007/BF00142979 |
| 1996 | Craig, R. T. | Practical Theory: A Reply to Sandelands | Journal for The Theory of Social Behavior | 26(1) | 65-79 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd. | 10.1111/j.1468-5914.1996.tb00286.x |
| 1995 | Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K. | Grounded Practical Theory: The Case Of Intellectual Discussion | Communication Theory | 5(3) | 248-272 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1468-2885.1995.tb00108.x |
| 1993 | Craig, R. T. | Why Are There so Many Communication Theories | Journal of Communication | 43(3) | 26-33 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01273.x |
| 1990 | Craig, R. T. | The Speech Tradition | Communication Monographs | 57 | 309-314 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
10.1080/03637759009376205 |
| 1990 | Craig, R. T. | Multiple Goals in Discourse: An Epilogue | Journal of Language and Social Psychology | 9(1-2) | 163-170 | SAGE Publications SAGE Publications SAGE is an independent academic publisher of books, journals, and electronic products in the humanities and social sciences and the scientific, technical, and medical fields. SAGE was founded in 1965 by George McCune and Sara Miller McCune. The company is headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California,... |
10.1177/0261927X9091009 |
| 1988 | Craig, R. T. | The Handbook of Communication Science: A Review | Quarterly Journal of Speech | 74(4) | 487-497 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... , National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
10.1080/00335638809383855 |
| 1986 | Craig, R. T.; Tracy, K; Spisak, F. | The Discourse of Requests: Assessment of a Politeness Approach | Human Communication Research | 12(4) | 437-468 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00087.x |
| 1984 | Tracy, K.; Craig, R. T.; Smith, M.; Spisak, F. | The discourse of requests: Assessment of a compliance-gaining approach | Human Communication Research | 10(4) | 513-538 | Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; International Communication Association International Communication Association The International Communication Association is a non-profit academic association founded in 1950 as the National Society for the Study of Communication , whose members are interested in the study, teaching, and application of all aspects of human communication." The Association maintains an... |
10.1111/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00030.x |
| 1984 | Craig, R. T. | Practical Criticism of the Art of Conversation: A Methodological Critique | Communication Quarterly | 32(3) | 178-187 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; Taylor and Francis Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in the United Kingdom which publishes books and academic journals. It is a division of Informa plc, a United Kingdom-based publisher and conference company.- Overview :... |
10.1080/01463378409369550 |
| 1983 | Craig, R. T. | Galilean Rhetoric and Practical Theory | Communication Monographs | 50(4) | 395-412 | Routledge Routledge Routledge is a British publishing house which has operated under a succession of company names and latterly as an academic imprint. Its origins may be traced back to the 19th-century London bookseller George Routledge... ; National Communication Association National Communication Association The National Communication Association is the largest national organization to promote communication scholarship and education. A non-profit organization that has over 8,000 educators, practitioners, and students who work and reside in every state and more than 20 countries... |
10.1080/03637758309390177 |
See also
- Communication studiesCommunication studiesCommunication Studies is an academic field that deals with processes of communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols over distances in space and time. Hence, communication studies encompasses a wide range of topics and contexts ranging from face-to-face conversation to speeches to mass...
- Communication TheoryCommunication theoryCommunication theory is a field of information and mathematics that studies the technical process of information and the human process of human communication.- History :- Origins :...
- Grounded theoryGrounded theoryGrounded theory is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the generation of theory from data. It is mainly used in qualitative research, but is also applicable to quantitative data....
- MetatheoryMetatheoryA metatheory or meta-theory is a theory whose subject matter is some other theory. In other words it is a theory about a theory. Statements made in the metatheory about the theory are called metatheorems....
- Meta-ethicsMeta-ethicsIn philosophy, meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments. Meta-ethics is one of the three branches of ethics generally recognized by philosophers, the others being normative ethics and applied ethics. Ethical...
- MetaphilosophyMetaphilosophyMetaphilosophy, also called philosophy of philosophy, is the study of the nature, aims, and methods of philosophy. The term is derived from Greek word meta μετά and philosophía φιλοσοφία ....