Quinoline Yellow WS
Encyclopedia
Quinoline yellow, Quinoline Yellow WS, C.I. 47005, or Food Yellow 13, is a yellow food dye. Chemically it is a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione.
The color Quinoline Yellow SS
(Spirit Soluble), which lacks the sulfonate
groups, is a related form that is insoluble in water.
E104, it is used as colorant that induces a dull yellow, or greenish yellow color .
found that a mixture of food colors and preservatives increased levels of hyperactivity and decreased levels of intelligence in children, but it is unclear which component of the mixture may be responsible for the effects. Quinoline yellow is one of the colors that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of children.
UK ministers have agreed that six colorings will be phased out by 2009.
EFSA
has decided on 2009-09-23 to tighten the allowed Acceptable Daily Intake
for Quinoline Yellow WS from 10 mg/kg to 0.5 mg
/kg
bodyweight per day. It has been reported to cause urticaria
and rhinitis
.
The color additive can also increase the intake of aluminium
beyond the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 1 mg/kg/week. Therefore the limit for aluminum may become adjusted to accommodate for this. Also the EFSA panel noted that the JECFA
limit for lead
is ≤ 2 mg/kg whereas the European Commission
limit is ≤ 10 mg/kg.
The color Quinoline Yellow SS
Quinoline Yellow SS
Quinoline Yellow SS is a bright yellow dye with green shade. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. It may cause contact dermatitis. It has the appearance of a yellow powder with a melting point of 240 °C....
(Spirit Soluble), which lacks the sulfonate
Sulfonate
A sulfonate is a salt or ester of a sulfonic acid. It contains the functional group R-SO2O-.- Sulfonate salts:Anions with the general formula RSO2O− are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula RSO2OH. As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the...
groups, is a related form that is insoluble in water.
Uses
As a food additive with the E numberE number
E numbers are number codes for food additives that have been assessed for use within the European Union . They are commonly found on food labels throughout the European Union. Safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority...
E104, it is used as colorant that induces a dull yellow, or greenish yellow color .
Health effects
A study commissioned by the UK's Food Standards AgencyFood Standards Agency
The Food Standards Agency is a non-ministerial government department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for protecting public health in relation to food throughout the United Kingdom and is led by a board appointed to act in the public interest...
found that a mixture of food colors and preservatives increased levels of hyperactivity and decreased levels of intelligence in children, but it is unclear which component of the mixture may be responsible for the effects. Quinoline yellow is one of the colors that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of children.
UK ministers have agreed that six colorings will be phased out by 2009.
EFSA
European Food Safety Authority
The European Food Safety Authority is an agency of the European Union that provides independent scientific advice and communication on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain, created by European Regulation 178/2002....
has decided on 2009-09-23 to tighten the allowed Acceptable Daily Intake
Acceptable daily intake
Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance in food or drinking water that can be ingested on a daily basis over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk...
for Quinoline Yellow WS from 10 mg/kg to 0.5 mg
Gram
The gram is a metric system unit of mass....
/kg
Kilogram
The kilogram or kilogramme , also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram , which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water...
bodyweight per day. It has been reported to cause urticaria
Urticaria
Urticaria is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives is frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many non-allergic causes...
and rhinitis
Rhinitis
Rhinitis , commonly known as a stuffy nose, is the medical term describing irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose. The primary symptom of rhinitis is nasal dripping. It is caused by chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses, bacteria or...
.
The color additive can also increase the intake of aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances....
beyond the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 1 mg/kg/week. Therefore the limit for aluminum may become adjusted to accommodate for this. Also the EFSA panel noted that the JECFA
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives is a scientific expert committee that is jointly run by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization....
limit for lead
Lead
Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...
is ≤ 2 mg/kg whereas the European Commission
European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
limit is ≤ 10 mg/kg.