Punjab gharana
Encyclopedia
Punjab Gharānā is a style and technique of Tabla
Tabla
The tabla is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in Hindustani classical music and in popular and devotional music of the Indian subcontinent. The instrument consists of a pair of hand drums of contrasting sizes and timbres...

 playing that originated in the Punjab region
Punjab region
The Punjab , also spelled Panjab |water]]s"), is a geographical region straddling the border between Pakistan and India which includes Punjab province in Pakistan and the states of the Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and some northern parts of the National Capital Territory of Delhi...

 of what is now split in present day Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

 and India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

. The Punjab Gharana is possibly the oldest of the six Tabla
Tabla
The tabla is a popular Indian percussion instrument used in Hindustani classical music and in popular and devotional music of the Indian subcontinent. The instrument consists of a pair of hand drums of contrasting sizes and timbres...

 Gharanas (of which others are Delhi
Delhi gharana
The Delhi Gharana is the oldest of all tabla gharanas, and is also the first to establish improvisation rules. It was founded in North-East India, and is easily one of the most, if not the most, common Gharana used today.-History:...

, Ajrara, Farrukhabad, Lucknow and Benares
Benares gharana
Benares gharānā is one of the six most common styles of playing of the Indian tabla.-History:The Benares tabla gharana was developed a little over 200 years ago by Pandit Ram Sahai . Ram Sahai began studying the tabla with his father from the age of five. At the age of nine, he moved to Lucknow to...

). Initially a pakhawaj-playing gharana, the Punjab school was created in the nineteenth century.

Features

The distinctive features of Punjab Gharana are:
  1. The strong influence of Pakhawaj playing styles and the ancient Dhrupad
    Dhrupad
    Dhrupad is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still in use in that musical tradition. Its name is derived from the words "dhruva" and "pada"...

     style of Hindustani Classical Music
    Hindustani classical music
    Hindustani classical music is the Hindustani or North Indian style of Indian classical music found throughout the northern Indian subcontinent. The style is sometimes called North Indian Classical Music or Shāstriya Sangeet...

  2. The exclusive techniques from the Pakhawaj in playing certain bols, and the variation in using the middle finger to the full hand when pronouncing certain notes
  3. Extensive use of the Bayan (Left Hand drum), and the balancing of both drums to produce a Melodious sound
  4. The emphasis on Kayda styles (usually ending in the phrases TinNa KeNa and DhinNa GheNa), Rela, and Paran.
  5. The strong influence of the Punjabi
    Punjabi language
    Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region . For Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. In Pakistan, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language...

     Language in the pronunciation of bols, causing them to be elided
  6. the Chilla ritual, which consists of continuous playing for forty days.

Genealogy

There is debate as to who precisely set up the Gharānā. Some believe it was Lālā Bhavānidas. And others claim that the founder was Lālā Bhavānidas's follower, Mian Qadir Baksh I. Yet others are of the view that it was Saddu Hussain Baksh (Haddu Khan), follower of Qadir Baksh I who founded it. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Fakir Baksh, disciple of Saddu Hussain Baksh was the foremost advocate. His followers were Qadir Baksh II and Firoz Khan of Lahore. Jnan Prakash Ghosh of Farukhabad gharana was also a follower of Firoz Khan. Kader Baksh II was the teacher of the most renowned tabla player of twentieth century, Ustad Alla Rakha. Alla Rakha trained his sons - tabla wizard Zakir Hussain and Fazal Qureshi.

Qadir Baksh II (1902–1962)

Teacher: Mian Faqir Baksh

A legendary name, Mian Qadir Bukhsh was the authoritative head or khalifa of the Punjab gharana.Teacher Of great Ustad Allah Rakha .Baksh Equally a great Pakhawaj player, he was renowned for his layakari and reputation as a dedicated teacher.Towards the end of his life he became a highly eccentric faqir. After his death the khalifa-ship of the Punjab gharana passed to his nephew Khalifa Akhtar Hussain.

Akhtar Hussain Khan (1947–2001)

Teachers: Mian Qadir Bukhsh, Ustad Mashooqay Khan and Ustad Aslam Khan

The last recognised khalifa of the Punjab tradition, Akhtar Hussain was respected for his knowledge over the traditional solo repertoire of Punjab.

Allarakha (1919–2000)

Teacher: Mian Qadir Baksh II

Allarakha Khan (Rakha) was one of the most famous and widely recorded tabla players of the twentieth century.For tabla, ..Ustad Allarakha was such an artist, having brought his instrument a stature and respect never before enjoyed. He moved from Lahore to Bombay in the late 1940s and took full advantage of the opportunity to be in the public eye when Ravi Shankar retained him as his regular touring accompanist from around 1962 onwards. What he lacked in beauty of tone Allarakha more than made up for with the most magically intuitive and natural sense of rhythm – an ability to play outside the beat while always remaining entirely cognizant of it. Rakha popularized the art of tabla, playing across the globe, elevating the status and respect of his instrument. Abbaji (as he was affectionately known by his disciples) also bridged the gap between Carnatic music and Hindustani music by playing with both renowned Carnatic musicians and other Hindustani stalwarts. Leading American percussionists in Rock n' Roll, such as the Grateful Dead's Mickey Hart, admired him and studied his technique, benefiting greatly even from single meetings. Hart, a published authority on percussion in world music, said "Allarakha is the Einstein, the Picasso; he is the highest form of rhythmic development on this planet." Rakha also collaborated with Jazz master Buddy Rich, recording an album together in 1968.His consistently brilliant performances made the tabla a familiar percussion instrument the world over.
In 1985, he founded the Ustad Allarakha Institute of Music to train young tabla players in the tradition of the Punjab gharana.
Ustad Allarakha died on February 3, 2000, truly one of the most pivotal and influential artists to have emerged from India in our time.

Shaukat Hussain Khan (1930–1996)

Teachers: Pandit Hiralal & Mian Qadir Bukhsh

The late Ustad Shaukat Hussain Khan ranked amongst the finest musicians of South Asia. Apart from his prowess over the solo repertoire, the maestro’s forte was his impeccable accompaniment. Shaukat Hussain Khan was the accompanist of choice for Pakistan's great vocalists and instrumentalists, and he always offered impeccable support. As a soloist one hears the Delhi roots of his sound mixed with a truly Panjabi sense of rhythmic complexity. One can hear this complexity in the varied internal phrase lengths of pieces and in the taal structures. Now after the death of Miyan Shaukat Hussain Khan Sahib, his nephew, Ustad Shahid Khan became a Khalifa (holding the gharana after the death) of the Punjab Gharana in Pakistan.

Altaf Hussain 'Tafo' Khan (1945-)

Teachers: Mian Qadir Bukhsh & Haji Fida Hussain

The renowned Tafo Khan is recognised for his matchless tayyari. His solo performances are characterised by his dazzling prowess over difficult bols and charismatic stage presence.

Abdul Sattar 'Tari' Khan (1953-)

Teacher: Shaukat Hussain Khan

Hailing from a traditional Rababi family (musicians employed in the Sikh temples of Punjab), Tari Khan
Tari Khan
Tari Khan is a master tabla player from Pakistan.Abdul Sattar 'Tari' Khan hails from a traditional Rababi family . His father was a classical vocalist. At fourteen, he formally became a student of Ustad Shaukat Hussain Khan. Three years later he performed at the death anniversary of tabla master...

 learned under Shaukat Hussain Khan in Lahore and became famous as the accompanist of the ghazal singer Ghulam Ali (his "Chupke Chupke" was a major hit back in the early 1980s). Tari always provided an exquisite accompaniment: clean, crisp thekas with astonishingly quick and interesting laggis to punctuate the verses. Because of that international exposure, musicians in India got to hear of him at a time when little cultural news escaped from Pakistan, and most were impressed with this show of virtuosity. Since then, Tari has gone on to international fame as a tabla showman. His "International Kherwa" was a popular item (a musical journey round the world that incorporated other musical styles into the basic 4 beat pattern).

Zakir Hussain (born 1951)

Teacher/Father: Ustad. Alla Rakha

Zakir Hussain
Zakir Hussain (musician)
Zakir Hussain , , is an Indian tabla player, musical producer, film actor and composer.-Early life:Hussain was born in Mumbai, India to the legendary tabla player Alla Rakha. He attended St...

 is easily the most famous and influential tabla player of the modern age.Ustad Zakir Hussain,more than a brillianttable player - he is a musical phenomenon who has changed the way we think about the tabla and the musicians who play it. It is difficult to think of anyone else in the world who has made an instrument[tabla
] such a lovable one ... The son of Allarakha Khan, he endeared himself to the world as a most sensitive and responsive accompanist, a dazzling soloist, and an adventurous fusion player (most notably with Shakti
Shakti
Shakti from Sanskrit shak - "to be able," meaning sacred force or empowerment, is the primordial cosmic energy and represents the dynamic forces that are thought to move through the entire universe in Hinduism. Shakti is the concept, or personification, of divine feminine creative power, sometimes...

 in the 1970s). Hussain was a child prodigy, and was touring by the age of twelve. He went to the United States in 1970, embarking on an international career which includes more than 160 concert dates a year. He has composed and recorded many albums and soundtracks, and has received widespread recognition as a composer for his many ensembles and collaborations.
Ustad Zakir Hussain. in 2010, in a ceremony graced by Indian classical music luminaries ranging from Pt Shiv Kumar Sharma to Pt Hariprasad Chaurasia, tabla maestro Ustad Zakir Hussain was crowned the guru of tabla's youngest gharana "Guru of Punjab Gharana"...

Fazal Qureshi(born 1961)

Teacher: Utd. Alla Rakha

Under the guidance of his Guru and father the late great tabla maestro, Ustad Alla Rakha, and with the inspiration drawn from his brother, Ustad Zakir Hussain, Fazal has developed a unique style that is distinguished for its fine sense of rhythm, versatility and eloquence. Fazal has expanded his horizons by being involved with other styles of music of the world especially Jazz and Western classical music, and has performed with many well known Jazz musicians. For the last 16 years he has been associated with Mynta, his world music band based in Sweden. They have performed all over the world and have released six immensely popular albums.

Yogesh Samsi (born 1968)

Teacher: Utd. Alla Rakha

A disciple of the great Allarakha Khan, Yogesh
Yogesh Samsi
-Early life:Yogesh Samsi born to renowned vocalist Pandit Dinkar Kaikini. His father the eminent vocalist Dinkar Kaikini initiated Yogesh at the age of six. At the age of four he started learning the tabla from Pandit H. Taranth Rao. Later, he sought the guidance of Ustad Allarakha Khan, one of the...

 has made a reputation for himself as an intelligent and supportive accompanist. His understanding of vocal aesthetics and performance structure come, no doubt, from his early exposure to vocal music through his father, the marvellous Dinkar Kaikini of the Agra gharana. From an early age he found himself recording with stalwarts such as K.G. Ginde: one recalls the films made about the various khayal gharanas, and Yogesh's appearance with Ginde in the Agra film.

Shahbaz Hussain (born 1979)

Teacher: Utd. Alla Rakha, Utd. Shaukat Hussain Khan & Utd. Fayyaz Khan

Shahbaz Hussain is considered as one of the most outstanding, young Tabla maestros of his generation.

Shahbaz began learning Tabla at the age of 5 under the watchful eye of his father, the late Ustad Mumtaz Hussain - a prominent vocalist. He later went on to study with Tabla legends Ustad Faiyaz Khan from the Delhi Gharana (school), the late Ustad Shaukat Hussain Khan from the Punjab Gharana and finally the late Ustad Allah Rakha Khan.

He has played with many of the great master musicians of India and Pakistan, including Ustad Imrat Khan, Ustad Nishat Khan, Ustad Salamat Ali Khan, Ustad Fateh Ali Khan and Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan to name only a few. He has played in some of the most prestigious venues and festivals around the world, including the Smithsonian Institute in Washington D.C., Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, Lincoln Center in New York and the prestigious Royal Albert Hall
Royal Albert Hall
The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall situated on the northern edge of the South Kensington area, in the City of Westminster, London, England, best known for holding the annual summer Proms concerts since 1941....

.

Shahbaz has achieved a tremendous amount of recognition very young. He is an extremely versatile Tabla player who holds all the imperative traditional skills as well as the ability to project those skills to more contemporary styles. His solo performances have gained great recognition all over the world.

Shahbaz is also a dedicated teacher of the Tabla. He delivers regular teaching to young people and adults in and around the UK as well as worldwide.

Dildar Hussain

Teacher: Utd. Alla Rakha

Dildar Hussain was the percussionist of Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's Qawwali party until Nusrat's death in 1997.

Dildar Hussain learned tabla from Ustad Allah Rakha Khan. His first performance was in India in 1969 before he joined Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's Qawwali party in 1971. Along with Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, Nusrat's brother, Dildar had been a member of the party since its formation. Now he teach his shagird Yasar Hussain and his son's to play tabla. Dildar does not play the traditional tabla that can be seen in Hindustani classical music but instead plays a combination of "jori" as the treble, and "dhamma" as the bass to create a deeper, warmer sound than the modern tabla set creates. Today, he can sometimes be seen accompanying Rahat Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. He is also seen singing and playing harmonium.

PANDIT RAMA KANT(born 1942)

TEACHER-BAHADUR SINGH

Pandit Rama kant is a renowned tabla maestro of Punjab gharana. He started his training from his father Pandit Kunj Lal from Nurmahal
Nurmahal
NurMahal or Noor Mahal is a city and a municipal council in Jalandhar district in the Indian State of Punjab. It is a small town located near the Lohian Khas-Nakodar -Ludhiana line in Punjab. This town is also connected with its sister towns of Phillaur and Nakodar by a road which goes side by...

, Jalandhar district
Jalandhar District
Jalandhar district , Jalandhar Zilā) is one of the 22 districts in the state of Punjab in North-West Republic of India. The capital is Jalandhar City...

at age five. He started giving musical performances at a very early age. His father, who was also a vocalist and instrumentalist, trained all his sons and daughters with great punctuality. Every day, they had to do 'riyaaz' in morning, noon and night. Seeing his great devotion towards music, Ustad Bahadur Singh accepted panditji as his disciple. He has given various solo as well as accompanist. He has accompanied with the best artists of the world including Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Pt Bhimsen Joshi, Subramanyam, Sushri Praveen Sultana, Ustad Shahid Parvez and many other great musicians not in India but all over the world. He has not only won the hearts of Indian audience but also performed in various concerts in Russia, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and many other European countries. Presently he is involved in many institutions of Punjab which give the knowledge of Indian classical music. He has trained many students in Namdhari Kala Kendra, Jawwadi Taksal In Jawwadi Kalan, Gurudwara Badu Sahib. Many school and college students take him as their idol in the field of music.

Nishikant barodekar(born 1969)

TEACHER-Ustad Allarakha

Born as grandson to great legendary vocalist smt.hirabai barodekar,he is amongst the renowned artists today.A brilliant student to Ustad Allarakha,Pt.nishikant barodekar has created his own reputation as spontaneous&aggressive tabla player.With a great sense of melody,rhythm,versatility&eloquence,he puts forth a unique style of solo presentations. he stands in the league of major accompanists today & has accompanied many maestros of Indian classical music,like ustd.vilayat khan,pt.birju maharaj,ustd.shahid parvez & many more. he has been awarded as Layashiromani by ganayogi panchakshara sangeet samiti chennai. he is a versatile guru, working as a faculty member in SRI SATHYA SAI MIRPURI COLLEGE OF MUSIC, PRASHANTI NILAYAM.
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