Prunum
Encyclopedia
Prunum is a genus
of sea snail
s, marine
gastropod mollusks in the family
Marginellidae
, the margin snails.
The separation between the genera Prunum and Volvarina is not very precise. They form together a monophyletic clade. The differences between these two genera are based on differences in the morphology of the shell, the radula
, the radular cartilage, the mantle and the internal anatomy. A rather arbitrary criterion is currently used to distinguish between the two genera. The large species with a strong callus are placed in Prunum, the slender species with a thin callus in Volvarina, leaving in between many ambiguous species. To date (2010) there is no phylogenetic analysis behind the current generic placements
Species brought into synonymy :
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of sea snail
Sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for those snails that normally live in saltwater, marine gastropod molluscs....
s, marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...
gastropod mollusks in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Marginellidae
Marginellidae
Marginellidae, or the margin shells, are a taxonomic family of small, often colorful, sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Neogastropoda.- Taxonomy :...
, the margin snails.
The separation between the genera Prunum and Volvarina is not very precise. They form together a monophyletic clade. The differences between these two genera are based on differences in the morphology of the shell, the radula
Radula
The radula is an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus...
, the radular cartilage, the mantle and the internal anatomy. A rather arbitrary criterion is currently used to distinguish between the two genera. The large species with a strong callus are placed in Prunum, the slender species with a thin callus in Volvarina, leaving in between many ambiguous species. To date (2010) there is no phylogenetic analysis behind the current generic placements
Species
Species within the genus Prunum include:- Prunum abyssorumPrunum abyssorumPrunum abyssorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. abyssorum can be found in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Yucatan....
(Tomlin, 1916) - Prunum albertoangelaiPrunum albertoangelaiPrunum albertoangelai is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.This species was named after the famous Italian scientific journalist Alberto Angela.-References:...
Cossignani, 2005 - Prunum albertoiPrunum albertoiPrunum albertoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 1998 - Prunum albuminosa (Dall, 1919)
- Prunum aletes Roth, 1978
- Prunum amabilePrunum amabilePrunum amabile is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. amabile can be found in Atlantic waters, ranging from North Carolina to Brazil....
(Redfield, 1852) - Prunum amphorale de Souza, 1992
- Prunum amygdalum Kiener
- Prunum annulatum (Reeve, 1865)
- Prunum antillanumPrunum antillanumPrunum antillanum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. antillanum can be found in Caribbean waters, off the northwestern coast of Cuba....
(Sarasúa, 1992) - Prunum apicinumPrunum apicinumPrunum apicinum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. apicinum can be found in Atlantic waters, ranging from North Carolina to the Virgin Islands....
(Menke, 1828) - Prunum augusta (Thiele, 1925)
- Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844)
- Prunum avenellaPrunum avenellaPrunum avenella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. avenella can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from the Florida Keys to Cuba....
(Dall, 1881) - Prunum bahiense (Tomlin 1917)
- Prunum batabanoensisPrunum BatabanoensisPrunum batabanoensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 2002 - Prunum bayonaiPrunum bayonaiPrunum bayonai is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2009 - Prunum beali (McGinty, 1940)
- Prunum borealePrunum borealePrunum boreale, common name the boreal marginella, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(A. E. Verrill, 1884) - Prunum cahuitaensisPrunum CahuitaensisPrunum cahuitaensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003 - Prunum caledonicumPrunum caledonicumPrunum caledonicum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2001 - Prunum camachoiPrunum CamachoiPrunum camachoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-References:* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp , Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and...
Espinosa & Ortea, 2003 - Prunum caneliPrunum caneliPrunum caneli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007 - Prunum canillum (Dall, 1927)
- Prunum carneumPrunum carneumPrunum carneum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. carneum can be found in Atlantic waters, ranging from eastern Florida to Venezuela....
(Storer, 1837) - Prunum cassisPrunum cassisPrunum cassis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. cassis can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from western Florida to Cuba....
(Dall, 1889) - Prunum catochensePrunum catochensePrunum catochense is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. catochense can be found in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Quintana Roo....
Cossignani, 2004 - Prunum chagosi Hayes & Boyer, 1997
- Prunum chumiPrunum chumiPrunum chumi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 - Prunum cinctum (Kiener, 1834)
- Prunum cineraceum (Dall, 1889)
- Prunum circumvittatum (Weisbord, 1962)
- Prunum coltrorumPrunum coltrorumPrunum coltrorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2005 - Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
- Prunum cubanumPrunum cubanumPrunum cubanum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. cubanum can be found in Caribbean waters, off the northwestern coast of Cuba....
Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977 - Prunum curtum (G.B. Sowerby, 1832)
- Prunum damasoiPrunum damasoiPrunum damasoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2006 - Prunum dawnbrinkae Massier, 1993
- Prunum dinisioiPrunum dinisioiPrunum dinisioi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2006 - Prunum enriquevidali Espinosa & Ortea, 1995
- Prunum estafaniae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
- Prunum evelynae (Bayer, 1943)
- Prunum flori Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
- Prunum fortunatum (Clover & Macca, 1990)
- Prunum fulgidumPrunum fulgidumPrunum fulgidum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Lussi & Smith, 1999 - Prunum fulminatum (Kiener, 1841)
- Prunum gijonPrunum gijonPrunum gijon is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. gijon can be found in Caribbean waters, off the northwestern coast of Cuba....
Espinosa & Ortea, 2006 - Prunum gorgonense Roth, 1978
- Prunum guttatumPrunum guttatumPrunum guttatum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. guttatum can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from eastern Florida to Colombia and the Virgin Islands....
(Dillwyn, 1817) - Prunum holandaePrunum holandaePrunum holandae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 - Prunum humboldtiPrunum humboldtiPrunum humboldti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2009 - Prunum labiatumPrunum labiatumPrunum labiatum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. labiatum can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from Campeche to Quintana Roo....
(Kiener, 1841) - Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
- Prunum leonardhilli Petuch, 1990
- Prunum lipeiPrunum lipeiPrunum lipei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. lipei can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from Campeche Bank to Quintana Roo....
(Clover, 1990) - Prunum lizanoiPrunum lizanoiPrunum lizanoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Magana, Espinosa & Ortea, 2003 - Prunum mabellae (Melvill & Standen, 1901)
- Prunum macleani Roth, 1978
- Prunum magnificumPrunum magnificumPrunum magnificum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. magnificum can be found in Caribbean waters, off the northwestern coast of Cuba....
(Sarasúa, 1989) - Prunum marginatum (Born, 1778)
- Prunum mariateresaePrunum mariateresaePrunum mariateresae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2009 - Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
- Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Prunum nataliae Pérez-Dionis, Ortea & Espinosa, 2009
- Prunum negoiPrunum negoiPrunum negoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Cossignani, 2005 - Prunum niciezaiPrunum niciezaiPrunum niciezai is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. niciezai can be found in Caribbean waters, off the northwestern coast of Cuba....
Espinosa & Ortea, 1998 - Prunum nivosumPrunum nivosumPrunum nivosum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. nivosum can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from Campeche to Quintana Roo....
(Hinds, 1844) - Prunum nobilianum (Bayer, 1943)
- Prunum oblongum (Swainson, 1829)
- Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
- Prunum pellucidum (Pfeiffer, 1840)
- Prunum pergrandis (Clover, 1974)
- Prunum pinerum Sarasúa & Espinosa, 1977
- Prunum poulosi Lipe, 1996
- Prunum pruinosumPrunum pruinosumPrunum pruinosum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. pruinosum can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from Campeche to the Virgin Islands and Nicaragua....
(Hinds, 1844) - Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
- Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
- Prunum pulidoiPrunum pulidoiPrunum pulidoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 - Prunum pyrumoidesPrunum pyrumoidesPrunum pyrumoides is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Lussi & Smith, 1999 - Prunum quelimanensis Bozzetti, 2001
- Prunum quinteroiPrunum quinteroiPrunum quinteroi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 - Prunum redfieldiiPrunum redfieldiiPrunum redfieldii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Tryon, 1882) - Prunum roscidumPrunum roscidumPrunum roscidum, common name the seaboard marginella, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Redfield, 1860) - Prunum rostratumPrunum rostratumPrunum rostratum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. rostratum can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from Campeche to Panama....
(Redfield, 1870) - Prunum rubens (Martens, 1881)
- Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
- Prunum saulcyanum (Petit, 1851)
- Prunum sauliae (G.B. Sowerby II, 1846)
- Prunum smalliPrunum smalliPrunum smalli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa & Ortea, 2002 - Prunum storeria (Couthouy, 1837)
- Prunum succineaPrunum succineaPrunum succinea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. succinea can be found in Atlantic waters, off the western coast of Florida....
(Conrad, 1846) - Prunum terverianum (Petit, 1851)
- Prunum tethysPrunum tethysPrunum tethys is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Lussi & Smith, 1999 - Prunum thalassicolaPrunum thalassicolaPrunum thalassicola is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007 - Prunum torticulumPrunum torticulumPrunum torticulum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.-Distribution:P. torticulum can be found in the Gulf of Mexico, ranging from Georgia to Puerto Rico....
(Dall, 1881) - Prunum virginianum (Conrad, 1868)
- Prunum walvisianum (Tomlin, 1920)
- Prunum woodbridgei (Hertlein & Strong, 1951)
Species brought into synonymy :
- Prunum abbreviatum (C.B. Adams, 1850) : synonym of Volvarina lactea (Kiener, 1841)
- Prunum adelum (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Volvarina adela (Thiele, 1925)
- Prunum aguayoi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996 : synonym of Prunum lipei (Clover, 1990)
- Prunum agulhasensis Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Hydroginella agulhasensis (Thiele, 1925)
- Prunum alabaster Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Volvarina rubella navicella Reeve, 1865
- Prunum ameliensis (Tomlin 1917) : synonym of Volvarina ameliensis (Tomlin, 1917)
- Prunum attenuatum (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Volvarina attenuata (Reeve, 1865)
- Prunum avenellum (Dall, 1881) : synonym of Volvarina avenella (Dall, 1881)
- Prunum bellum (Conrad, 1868) : synonym of Prunum avenacea (Deshayes, 1844)
- Prunum caerulescens Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Prunum prunum (Gmelin, 1791)
- Prunum canellum (Jousseaume, 1875): synonym of Prunum rostratum (Redfield, 1870)
- Prunum cantharus Reeve, 1865 : synonym of Prunum capensis (Krauss, 1848)
- Prunum capensis (Krauss, 1848) : synonym of Volvarina capensisVolvarina capensisVolvarina capensis, common name the Cape marginella, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Krauss, 1848) - Prunum carnum Storer, 1837 : synonym of Prunum carneum (Storer, 1837)
- Prunum charbarensis (Melvill, 1897) : synonym of Volvarina charbarensis (Melvill, 1897)
- Prunum colomborum Bozzetti, 1995 : synonym of Marginella colomborumMarginella colomborumMarginella colomborum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Bozzetti, 1995) - Prunum conchibellus Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010 : synonym of Prunum conchibellum Espinosa, Ortea & Moro, 2010
- Prunum crassilabrum (G.B. Sowerby I, 1846) : synonym of Prunum labrosum (Redfield, 1870)
- Prunum deliciosum (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1912) : synonym of Volvarina deliciosa (Bavay in Dautzenberg, 1913)
- Prunum evax Li, 1930 : synonym of Prunum sapotilla (Hinds, 1844)
- Prunum exile (Gmelin, 1791) : synonym of Volvarina exilis (Gmelin, 1791)
- Prunum fraterculus E.A. Smith, 1915 : synonym of Prunum martini (Petit, 1853)
- Prunum hartleyanum (Schwengel, 1941) : synonym of Prunum virginianum hartleyana (Schwengel, 1941)
- Prunum helena Thiele, 1925 : synonym of Hyalina helena (Thiele, 1925)
- Prunum hoffi Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991 : synonym of Canalispira hoffi (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991)
- Prunum hondurasense (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
- Prunum hondurasensis (Reeve, 1865) : synonym of Prunum pulchrum (Gray, 1839)
- Prunum insulanum (Gofas & Fernandes, 1988) : synonym of Volvarina insulanaVolvarina insulanaVolvarina insulana is a species of small to very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Marginellidae, the margin shells.-References:* Gasgoigne, A. 1996. . Downloaded on 7 August 2007....
Gofas & Fernandes, 1988 - Prunum joubini Bavay, 1913 : synonym of Prunum bahiense (Tomlin, 1917)
- Prunum keenii Marrat, 1871 : synonym of Hyalina keenii (Marrat, 1871)
- Prunum laetitium (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Volvarina laetitia (Thiele, 1925)
- Prunum longivaricosa Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Prunum guttatum (Dillwyn, 1817)
- Prunum marianae Bozzetti, 1999 : synonym of Prunum pyrumoides Lussi & G. Smith, 1999
- Prunum olivaeformis (Kiener, 1834) : synonym of Prunum olivaeforme (Kiener, 1834)
- Prunum riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992 : synonym of Volvarina riparia Gofas & Fernandes, 1992
- Prunum roberti (Bavay, 1917) : synonym of Volvarina robertiVolvarina robertiVolvarina roberti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Bavay, 1917) - Prunum roosevelti Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 : synonym of Prunum amabile (Redfield, 1852)
- Prunum serrei Bavay, 1913 : synonym of Volvarina serrei (Bavay, 1913)
- Prunum sowerbyanum Petit, 1851 : synonym of Prunum monile (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Prunum styrium Dall, 1889 : synonym of Volvarina styriaVolvarina styriaVolvarina styria is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Dall, 1889) - Prunum yucatecana (Dall, 1881) : synonym of Dentimargo yucatecanusDentimargo yucatecanusDentimargo yucatecanus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails....
(Dall, 1881)