Protestants in Russia constitute between 0.5 and 1.5% (i.e. 700 thousand - 2 million adherents) of the overall population of the country. By 2004, there were 4435 registered Protestant societies representing 21% of all registered religious organizations, which is second place after Eastern Orthodoxy. By contrast in 1992 the Protestants reportedly had 510 organizations in Russia.

A large number of missionaries operating in the country are from Protestant denominations.
The first Protestant churches (Lutheran, Reformed) in Russia appeared in the 16th and 17th centuries in major towns and cities such as Moscow in connection with ex-patriate communities from western Europe.