Potyvirus
Encyclopedia
Potyviruses infect plants and belong to the family Potyviridae
. The genus is named after the type virus - Potato Virus Y.
The Potyvirus, like the Begomovirus
es, have ~30% of the currently known plant viruses and have at least 180 definitive and possible members. Members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastural, horticultural and ornamental crops.
There are 73 described genera of plant viruses.
More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae (genera Macrosiphum
and Myzus).
They appear to have evolved in southwest Eurasia or north Africa
.
The estimated mutation rate is about 1.15×10−4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year.
The genome is a linear positive sense ssRNA ranging in size from 9000-12000bp. A number of species have a bipartate genome.The base composition is: 21-23.51-26% G; 23-30.15-44% A; 14.9-22.41-28% C; 15.6-24.41-30.9% U.
In the species with a single genome, at the 5' end a protein is covalently linked (the Vg protein). It encodes a single open reading frame (ORF) expressed as a 350kDa polyprotein precursor. This is processed into seven smaller proteins: P1, helper component (HC), P3, cylindrical inclusion (CI), nuclear inclusion A (NIa), nuclear inclusion B (NIb), capsid protein (CP) and two small putative proteins known as 6K1 and 6K2. The P3 protein also encodes a second protein - P3N-PIPO - which is generated by a +2 frameshift.
protease
.
HC (~52 KDa) is a protease that is also involved in aphid transmission. As a protease it cleaves a glycine
-glycine dipeptide at its own C terminus. It also interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 4 (eIF4). It acts as a viral RNA silencing suppressor.
The function of P3 (~41 kDa) is not known. It interacts with large subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
CI (~71 kDa) is an RNA helicase
with ATPase
activity. It is also involved in membrane attachment.
NIa (~50 kDa) is cleaved into a protease (~27 kDa) and the Vg (~22 kDa) protein.
NIb (~59 kDa) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
.
The functions of the 6K1 (~6 kDa) and 6K2 (~6 kDa) are not known.
The function of the P3N-PIPO (~25 kDa) is not known but it appears to be essential. It interacts with both the large and small subunits of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
The capsid protein ranges between 30 and 35 kDa in weight.
The VPg protein interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor
4 (eIF4). This interaction appears to be essential.
Two proteinases, P1 and the helper component proteinase (HC) catalyse only autoproteolytic reactions at their respective C termini. The remaining cleavage reactions are catalysed by either trans-proteolytic or autoproteolytic mechanisms by the small nuclear inclusion protein (NIa-Pro). This latter protein is an evolutionary homology of the picornavirus
3C proteinase.
, nuclei
, chloroplast
s, Golgi apparatus
, cell vacuoles or more rarely in unusual sites. Inclusions are usually found in infected cells. These may be crystals in either the cytoplasm or in the nucleus as amorphous X-bodies, membranous bodies, viroplasms or pinwheels. These inclusions may or may not (depending on the species) contain virions.
Amaranthus leaf mottle potyvirus
Apium virus Y
Araujia mosaic potyvirus
Arracacha Y potyvirus
Artichoke latent potyvirus
Asparagus 1 potyvirus
Banana bract mosaic potyvirus
Bean common mosaic necrosis potyvirus
Bean common mosaic potyvirus
Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus
Beet mosaic potyvirus
Bidens mosaic potyvirus
Bidens mottle potyvirus
Canna yellow streak virus
Cardamom mosaic potyvirus
Carnation vein mottle potyvirus
Carrot thin leaf potyvirus
Cassava brown streak potyvirus
Cassia yellow spot potyvirus
Celery mosaic potyvirus
Chickpea bushy dwarf potyvirus
Chickpea distortion mosaic potyvirus
Chilli ringspot virus
Chili veinal mottle virus
Clitoria chlorosis virus
Clover yellow vein potyvirus
Cocksfoot streak virus
Commelina diffusa potyvirus
Commelina mosaic potyvirus
Cowpea green vein-banding potyvirus
Cowpea Moroccan aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus
Cowpea rugose mosaic potyvirus
Crinum mosaic potyvirus
Daphne Y potyvirus
Dasheen mosaic potyvirus
Datura Colombian potyvirus
Datura distortion mosaic potyvirus
Datura necrosis potyvirus
Datura shoestring potyvirus
Dendrobium mosaic potyvirus
Desmodium mosaic potyvirus
Dioscorea alata potyvirus
Dioscorea green banding mosaic potyvirus
Eggplant green mosaic potyvirus
Euphorbia ringspot potyvirus
Freesia mosaic potyvirus
Groundnut eyespot potyvirus
Guar symptomless potyvirus
Guinea grass mosaic potyvirus
Hardenbergia mosaic virus
Helenium Y potyvirus
Henbane mosaic potyvirus
Hippeastrum mosaic potyvirus
Hyacinth mosaic potyvirus
Iris fulva mosaic potyvirus
Iris mild mosaic potyvirus
Iris severe mosaic potyvirus
Japanese hornwort mosaic virus
Johnsongrass mosaic virus
Kennedya Y potyvirus
Leek yellow stripe potyvirus
Lettuce mosaic potyvirus
Lily mottle potyvirus
Lupine potyvirus
Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus
Malva vein clearing potyvirus
Marigold mottle potyvirus
Narcissus yellow stripe potyvirus
Nerine potyvirus
Onion yellow dwarf potyvirus
Ornithogalum mosaic potyvirus
Papaya ringspot potyvirus
Parsnip mosaic potyvirus
Passiflora mosaic virus
Passiflora ringspot potyvirus
Passiflora South African potyvirus
Passiflora virus Y
Passionfruit woodiness potyvirus
Patchouli mosaic potyvirus
Pea mosaic potyvirus
Pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus
Peanut green mosaic potyvirus
Peanut mottle potyvirus
Pepper Indian mottle potyvirus
Pepper mottle potyvirus
Pepper severe mosaic potyvirus
Pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
Plum pox potyvirus
Pokeweed mosaic potyvirus
Potato A potyvirus
Potato V potyvirus
Potato Y potyvirus (type species)
Primula mosaic potyvirus
Ranunculus mottle potyvirus
Shallot yellow stripe potyvirus
Sorghum mosaic potyvirus
Soybean mosaic potyvirus
Statice Y potyvirus
Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus
Sweet potato feathery mottle potyvirus
Sweet potato G potyvirus
Swordbean distortion mosaic potyvirus
Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus
Tamarillo mosaic potyvirus
Telfairia mosaic potyvirus
Tobacco etch potyvirus
Tobacco vein-banding mosaic potyvirus
Tobacco vein mottling potyvirus
Tobacco wilt potyvirus
Tomato Peru potyvirus
Tradescantia-Zebrina potyvirus
Triteleia mosaic virus
Tropaeolum 1 potyvirus
Tropaeolum 2 potyvirus
Tuberose potyvirus
Tulip band-breaking potyvirus
Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus
Tulip breaking potyvirus
Tulip chlorotic blotch potyvirus
Turnip mosaic potyvirus
Tradescantia mosaic virus
Ullucus mosaic potyvirus
Vallota mosaic potyvirus
Vanilla mosaic potyvirus
Vanilla necrosis potyvirus
Voandzeia distortion mosaic potyvirus
Watermelon mosaic 1 potyvirus
Watermelon mosaic 2 potyvirus
Wild potato mosaic potyvirus
Wisteria vein mosaic potyvirus
Yam mosaic potyvirus
Zucchini yellow fleck potyvirus
Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus
Asystasia gangetica mottle potyvirus
Celery latent potyvirus
Datura mosaic potyvirus
Endive necrotic mosaic potyvirus
Kalanchoe mosaic potyvirus
Konjak mosaic potyvirus
Nasturtium mosaic potyvirus
Patchouli mottle potyvirus
Shallot yellow stripe potyvirus
Sweet potato vein mosaic potyvirus
Welsh onion yellow stripe potyvirus
in the 18th century. This introduction also included plant pathogens. Thirty eight potyvirus species have been isolated in Australia. Eighteen potyviruses have been found only in Australia and are presumed to be endemic there. The remaining twenty appear to have been introduced with agriculture.
Potyviridae
The Potyviridae are a family of plant viruses. They are . Their genome is composed of positive-sense RNA which is surrounded by a protein coat made up of a single viral encoded protein called a capsid. All induce the formation of virus inclusion bodies called in their hosts...
. The genus is named after the type virus - Potato Virus Y.
The Potyvirus, like the Begomovirus
Begomovirus
The genus Begomovirus contains more than 200 species and belongs to the taxonomic family Geminiviridae. They are plant viruses that as a group have a very wide host range, infecting dicotyledonous plants...
es, have ~30% of the currently known plant viruses and have at least 180 definitive and possible members. Members of this genus may cause significant losses in agricultural, pastural, horticultural and ornamental crops.
There are 73 described genera of plant viruses.
More than 200 species of aphids spread potyviruses and most are from the subfamily Aphidinae (genera Macrosiphum
Macrosiphum
Macrosiphum is a genus of aphid....
and Myzus).
Evolution
The potyviruses evolved between 6,600 to 7,250 years ago.They appear to have evolved in southwest Eurasia or north Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
.
The estimated mutation rate is about 1.15×10−4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year.
Virology
The virion is non-enveloped with a filamentous nucleocapsid, 680 to 900 nanometers (nm) long and is 11-20 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid contains ~2000 copies of the capsid protein. The symmetry of the nucleocapsid is helical with a pitch of 3.4 nm.The genome is a linear positive sense ssRNA ranging in size from 9000-12000bp. A number of species have a bipartate genome.The base composition is: 21-23.51-26% G; 23-30.15-44% A; 14.9-22.41-28% C; 15.6-24.41-30.9% U.
In the species with a single genome, at the 5' end a protein is covalently linked (the Vg protein). It encodes a single open reading frame (ORF) expressed as a 350kDa polyprotein precursor. This is processed into seven smaller proteins: P1, helper component (HC), P3, cylindrical inclusion (CI), nuclear inclusion A (NIa), nuclear inclusion B (NIb), capsid protein (CP) and two small putative proteins known as 6K1 and 6K2. The P3 protein also encodes a second protein - P3N-PIPO - which is generated by a +2 frameshift.
Molecular biology
Protein P1 (~33 kiloDaltons (kDa) in molecular weight) is a serineSerine
Serine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:...
protease
Protease
A protease is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming the protein....
.
HC (~52 KDa) is a protease that is also involved in aphid transmission. As a protease it cleaves a glycine
Glycine
Glycine is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its 'side chain', glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid...
-glycine dipeptide at its own C terminus. It also interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor 4 (eIF4). It acts as a viral RNA silencing suppressor.
The function of P3 (~41 kDa) is not known. It interacts with large subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
CI (~71 kDa) is an RNA helicase
Helicase
Helicases are a class of enzymes vital to all living organisms. They are motor proteins that move directionally along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separating two annealed nucleic acid strands using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.-Function:Many cellular processes Helicases are a...
with ATPase
ATPase
ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur...
activity. It is also involved in membrane attachment.
NIa (~50 kDa) is cleaved into a protease (~27 kDa) and the Vg (~22 kDa) protein.
NIb (~59 kDa) is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase , , or RNA replicase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template...
.
The functions of the 6K1 (~6 kDa) and 6K2 (~6 kDa) are not known.
The function of the P3N-PIPO (~25 kDa) is not known but it appears to be essential. It interacts with both the large and small subunits of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
The capsid protein ranges between 30 and 35 kDa in weight.
The VPg protein interacts with eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factors are proteins involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. They function in forming a complex with the 40S ribosomal subunit and Met-tRNAi called the 43S preinitation complex , recognizing the 5' cap structure of mRNA and recruiting the 43S PIC to mRNA,...
4 (eIF4). This interaction appears to be essential.
Two proteinases, P1 and the helper component proteinase (HC) catalyse only autoproteolytic reactions at their respective C termini. The remaining cleavage reactions are catalysed by either trans-proteolytic or autoproteolytic mechanisms by the small nuclear inclusion protein (NIa-Pro). This latter protein is an evolutionary homology of the picornavirus
Picornavirus
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Picornaviruses are non-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with an icosahedral capsid. The genome RNA is unusual because it has a protein on the 5' end that is used as a primer for transcription by RNA polymerase...
3C proteinase.
Life cycle
Replication may occur in the cytoplasmCytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...
, nuclei
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these...
, chloroplast
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis.Chloroplasts are green...
s, Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1898 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi, after whom the Golgi apparatus is named....
, cell vacuoles or more rarely in unusual sites. Inclusions are usually found in infected cells. These may be crystals in either the cytoplasm or in the nucleus as amorphous X-bodies, membranous bodies, viroplasms or pinwheels. These inclusions may or may not (depending on the species) contain virions.
Species
Alstroemeria mosaic potyvirusAmaranthus leaf mottle potyvirus
Apium virus Y
Apium virus Y
Apium virus Y is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae .Apium virus Y is a recently described member of the potyvirus family. It was first found in Australia in 2002 in poison hemlock...
Araujia mosaic potyvirus
Arracacha Y potyvirus
Artichoke latent potyvirus
Asparagus 1 potyvirus
Banana bract mosaic potyvirus
Bean common mosaic necrosis potyvirus
Bean common mosaic potyvirus
Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus
Beet mosaic potyvirus
Bidens mosaic potyvirus
Bidens mottle potyvirus
Canna yellow streak virus
Cardamom mosaic potyvirus
Carnation vein mottle potyvirus
Carrot thin leaf potyvirus
Cassava brown streak potyvirus
Cassia yellow spot potyvirus
Celery mosaic potyvirus
Chickpea bushy dwarf potyvirus
Chickpea distortion mosaic potyvirus
Chilli ringspot virus
Chili veinal mottle virus
Clitoria chlorosis virus
Clover yellow vein potyvirus
Cocksfoot streak virus
Commelina diffusa potyvirus
Commelina mosaic potyvirus
Cowpea green vein-banding potyvirus
Cowpea Moroccan aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus
Cowpea rugose mosaic potyvirus
Crinum mosaic potyvirus
Daphne Y potyvirus
Dasheen mosaic potyvirus
Datura Colombian potyvirus
Datura distortion mosaic potyvirus
Datura necrosis potyvirus
Datura shoestring potyvirus
Dendrobium mosaic potyvirus
Desmodium mosaic potyvirus
Dioscorea alata potyvirus
Dioscorea green banding mosaic potyvirus
Eggplant green mosaic potyvirus
Euphorbia ringspot potyvirus
Freesia mosaic potyvirus
Groundnut eyespot potyvirus
Guar symptomless potyvirus
Guinea grass mosaic potyvirus
Hardenbergia mosaic virus
Helenium Y potyvirus
Henbane mosaic potyvirus
Hippeastrum mosaic potyvirus
Hyacinth mosaic potyvirus
Iris fulva mosaic potyvirus
Iris mild mosaic potyvirus
Iris severe mosaic potyvirus
Japanese hornwort mosaic virus
Johnsongrass mosaic virus
Johnsongrass mosaic virus
Johnsongrass mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. It is a known pathogen of the major grain crop maize.-External links:**...
Kennedya Y potyvirus
Leek yellow stripe potyvirus
Lettuce mosaic potyvirus
Lily mottle potyvirus
Lupine potyvirus
Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus
Malva vein clearing potyvirus
Marigold mottle potyvirus
Narcissus yellow stripe potyvirus
Nerine potyvirus
Onion yellow dwarf potyvirus
Ornithogalum mosaic potyvirus
Papaya ringspot potyvirus
Parsnip mosaic potyvirus
Passiflora mosaic virus
Passiflora ringspot potyvirus
Passiflora South African potyvirus
Passiflora virus Y
Passionfruit woodiness potyvirus
Patchouli mosaic potyvirus
Pea mosaic potyvirus
Pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus
Peanut green mosaic potyvirus
Peanut mottle potyvirus
Pepper Indian mottle potyvirus
Pepper mottle potyvirus
Pepper severe mosaic potyvirus
Pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
Plum pox potyvirus
Pokeweed mosaic potyvirus
Potato A potyvirus
Potato V potyvirus
Potato Y potyvirus (type species)
Primula mosaic potyvirus
Ranunculus mottle potyvirus
Shallot yellow stripe potyvirus
Sorghum mosaic potyvirus
Soybean mosaic potyvirus
Statice Y potyvirus
Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus
Sweet potato feathery mottle potyvirus
Sweet potato G potyvirus
Swordbean distortion mosaic potyvirus
Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus
Tamarillo mosaic potyvirus
Telfairia mosaic potyvirus
Tobacco etch potyvirus
Tobacco vein-banding mosaic potyvirus
Tobacco vein mottling potyvirus
Tobacco wilt potyvirus
Tomato Peru potyvirus
Tradescantia-Zebrina potyvirus
Triteleia mosaic virus
Tropaeolum 1 potyvirus
Tropaeolum 2 potyvirus
Tuberose potyvirus
Tulip band-breaking potyvirus
Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus
Tulip breaking potyvirus
Tulip chlorotic blotch potyvirus
Turnip mosaic potyvirus
Tradescantia mosaic virus
Tradescantia mosaic virus
Tradescantia mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae. Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, TZV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus...
Ullucus mosaic potyvirus
Vallota mosaic potyvirus
Vanilla mosaic potyvirus
Vanilla necrosis potyvirus
Voandzeia distortion mosaic potyvirus
Watermelon mosaic 1 potyvirus
Watermelon mosaic 2 potyvirus
Wild potato mosaic potyvirus
Wisteria vein mosaic potyvirus
Yam mosaic potyvirus
Zucchini yellow fleck potyvirus
Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus
Possible additional viruses
A number of viruses that have not been fully characterised may also belong in this genus:Asystasia gangetica mottle potyvirus
Celery latent potyvirus
Datura mosaic potyvirus
Endive necrotic mosaic potyvirus
Kalanchoe mosaic potyvirus
Konjak mosaic potyvirus
Nasturtium mosaic potyvirus
Patchouli mottle potyvirus
Shallot yellow stripe potyvirus
Sweet potato vein mosaic potyvirus
Welsh onion yellow stripe potyvirus
Geographical spread
Agriculture was introduced into AustraliaAustralia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
in the 18th century. This introduction also included plant pathogens. Thirty eight potyvirus species have been isolated in Australia. Eighteen potyviruses have been found only in Australia and are presumed to be endemic there. The remaining twenty appear to have been introduced with agriculture.