The planh or plaing (ˈplan; , ˈpɫaɲ; "lament") is a funeral lament used by the troubadour

Troubadour

A troubadour was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages . Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz....

s, modeled on the medieval Latin planctus

Planctus

A planctus is a lament or dirge, a song or poem expressing grief or mourning. It became a popular literary form in the Middle Ages, when they were written in Latin and in the vernacular . The most common planctus is to mourn the death of a famous person, but a number of other varieties have been...

. It differed from the planctus in that it was intended for a secular audience. Alfred Jeanroy

Alfred Jeanroy

Alfred Jeanroy was a French linguist.Jeanroy was born at Mangiennes, Meuse, Lorraine. He was a leading scholar studying troubadour poetry, publishing over 600 works. He established an influential view of the second generation of troubadours divided into two camps: “idealists” and “realists”...

 noticed three different types: those dedicated to grands personnages (great patrons), those to family and friends, and those to ladies and lovers.

Chronological table of planhs

Composer	Incipit Incipit Incipit is a Latin word meaning "it begins". The incipit of a text, such as a poem, song, or book, is the first few words of its opening line. In music, it can also refer to the opening notes of a composition. Before the development of titles, texts were often referred to by their incipits...  (i.e. title)	Date	Mourned
Cercamon Cercamon Cercamon , whose real name, as well as any actual biographical data, is unknown, was one of the earliest troubadours. He was apparently a jester of sorts, born in Gascony, who spent most of his career in the courts of William X of Aquitaine and perhaps of Eble III of Ventadorn...	Lo plaing comens iradamen	1137	William X of Aquitaine William X of Aquitaine William X , called the Saint, was Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, and Count of Poitou between 1126 and 1137. He was the son of William IX by his second wife, Philippa of Toulouse....
Giraut de Borneil	S'anc jorn aqui joi e solaz	1173	Raimbaut d'Aurenga
Guillem de Berguedà	Cousiros chan e planh e plor	1180	Pons de Mataplana
Bertran de Born Bertran de Born Bertran de Born was a baron from the Limousin in France, and one of the major Occitan troubadours of the twelfth century.-Life and works:...  ?	Si tuit li dol el plor el marrimen	1183	Henry the Young King Henry the Young King Henry, known as the Young King was the second of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine but the first to survive infancy. He was officially King of England; Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Maine.-Early life:Little is known of the young prince Henry before the events...
Bertran de Born	Mon chan fenisc el dol et ab maltraire	1183	Henry the Young King
Folquet de Marselha Folquet de Marselha Folquet de Marselha, alternatively Folquet de Marseille, Foulques de Toulouse, Fulk of Toulouse came from a Genoese merchant family who lived in Marseille...	Si com cel qu'es tan greujat	1192	Barral I dels Baus Barral of Baux Barral of Baux vas Viscount of Marseilles and Lord of Baux. He was the son of Hugh III of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles, and Barrale....
Gaucelm Faidit Gaucelm Faidit Gaucelm Faidit was a troubadour, born in Uzerche, in the Limousin, from a family of knights in service of the count of Turenne. He travelled widely in France, Spain, and Hungary...	Fortz causa es que tot lo major dan	1199	Richard the Lion-Hearted
Giraut de Borneil	Planh e sospir e plor e chan	1199	Aimar V of Limoges Aimar V of Limoges Aimar V Boso was the Viscount of Limoges, a petty nobleman in the Loire valley in the Duchy of Aquitaine.Born in Limoges, Aimar was orphaned at a young age and raised by his relatives among the southern French aristocracy...
Pons de Capduelh Pons de Capduelh Pons de Capduelh, Capduell, Capdveyll, Capdveill, Capduoill, Capdoill, Capdolh, or Chapteuil was a troubadour. His songs were known for their great gaiety...	De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus	????	Azalais, wife of Ozil de Mercœur
Guillem Augier Novella Guillem Augier Novella Guillem Augier Novella was a troubadour from Vienne in the Dauphinois who lived most of his adulthood in Lombardy and was active as a minstrel in the early or mid thirteenth century...	Cascus plor e planh son damnatge	1209 1209 in poetry -Events:*Guilhem Augier Novella penned A People Grieving for the Death of their Lord, a planh on the death of Raymond Roger Trencavel*Gui d'Ussel, in obedience to a papal injunction from Pierre de Castelnau, ceased composing and writing-Deaths:...	Raymond Roger Trencavel
Lanfranc Cigala Lanfranc Cigala Lanfranc Cigala was a Genoese nobleman, knight, judge, and man of letters of the mid thirteenth century. He remains one of the most famous Occitan troubadours of Lombardy. Thirty-two of his poems survive, dealing with Crusading, heresy, papal power, peace in Christendom, and loyalty in love...	Eu non chan ges pes talan de chantar	1210s	Berlenda
Giraut de Calanso	Bels senher Deus, quo pot esser sofritz	1211 1211 in poetry -Events:*Giraut de Calanso wrote Bels senher Deus, quo pot esser sofritz, a planh for Ferdinand, infante of Castile...	Ferdinand, infante of Castile
Gavaudan Gavaudan Gavaudan was a troubadour and hired soldier at the courts of both Raymond V and Raymond VI of Toulouse and later on in Castile. He was from Gévaudan, as his name implies...	Crezens fis verais et entiers	1212 1212 in poetry -Events:* Walther von der Vogelweide writes Der Ottenton* Bertran de Gourdon wrote two coblas on doing homage to Philip II of France* May 6 — the troubadour Ademar Jordan is captured in battle by Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester and never heard from again-Births:* Ibn Sahl of Seville...	his anonymous lady
Aimeric de Peguilhan Aimeric de Peguilhan Aimeric or Aimery de Peguilhan, Peguillan, or Pégulhan was a troubadour , born in Peguilhan the son of a cloth merchant....	Ja no cugei quem pogues oblidar	1212	Azzo VI of Este Azzo VI of Este Azzo VI , known as Azzolino, was the Marquis of Este from the death of his father, Azzo V, in 1190 until his death...  and Boniface of Verona
Aimeric de Peguilhan	S'eu chantei alegres ni jauzens	1212	Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona
Daude de Pradas Daude de Pradas Daude, Deude, Daurde, or Daudé de Pradas was a troubadour from Prades-Salars in the Rouergue not far from Rodez. He lived to an old age and left behind seventeen to nineteen cansos, including twelve on courtly love, three about sexual conquest, one tenso, one planh , and a religious song...	Be deu esser solatz marritz	1220 1220 in poetry -Events:*troubadour Obs de Biguli entertains at the coronation of the Emperor Frederick II*Uc de Saint Circ moves first into Provence, then Lombardy, and finally the March of Treviso; in Italy he composes many vidas and razos... –30 1230 in poetry -Events:* Beginning of the Sicilian School* Bernart Sicart de Maruèjols composed the sirventes "Ab greu cossire" about the effect of the Albigensian Crusade on Languedoc* Peire Bremon Ricas Novas and Gui de Cavalhon compose a tenso together-Births:...	Uc Brunet Uc Brunet Uc Brunet, Brunec, or Brunenc was a nobleman and troubadour from Rodez in the Rouergue. Six of his works survive.Outside of his own works and those of other troubadours, including a vida, Uc is mentioned in only one document dated to around 1190...
Aimeric de Peguilhan Aimeric de Peguilhan Aimeric or Aimery de Peguilhan, Peguillan, or Pégulhan was a troubadour , born in Peguilhan the son of a cloth merchant....	Ara par be que Valors se desfai	1220 1220 in poetry -Events:*troubadour Obs de Biguli entertains at the coronation of the Emperor Frederick II*Uc de Saint Circ moves first into Provence, then Lombardy, and finally the March of Treviso; in Italy he composes many vidas and razos...	Guglielmo Malaspina
Aimeric de Peguilhan	De tot en tot es ar de mi partitz	????	bona comtessa Biatritz
Sordel	Planher vol En Blacatz en aquest leugier so	1237 1237 in poetry -Events:*Sordello composes the first sirventes-planh in order to mark the death of his patron Blacatz-Births:* Adam de la Halle , a French trouvère, poet and musician-Deaths:...	Blacatz Blacatz Blacatz, known in French genealogy as Blacas de Blacas III , was feudal lord of Aups and a troubadour. Sordello composed a lament on his death, inviting the kings of his time to share and eat the heart of Blacatz and thus acquire a portion of his courage.He was the father of the troubadour...
Bertran d'Alamanon Bertran d'Alamanon Bertran d'Alamanon, also spelled de Lamanon or d'Alamano , was a Provençal knight and troubadour, and an official, diplomat, and ambassador of the court of the Count of Provence...	Mout m'es greu d'En Sordel quar l'es faillitz sos sens	1237	Blacatz
Peire Bremon Ricas Novas Peire Bremon Ricas Novas Peire Bremon Ricas Novas was a Provençal troubadour who left behind twenty works: thirteen cansos, six sirventes, and one tenso. His treatment of courtly love was somewhat original....	Pus partit an lo cor En Sordel e'n Bertrans	1237	Blacatz
Aimeric de Belenoi Aimeric de Belenoi Aimeric de Belenoi was a Gascon troubadour. At least fifteen of his songs survive and there are seven more which were attributed to him in some medieval manuscripts....	Ailas, per que viu lonjamen ni dura	1242 1242 in poetry -Events:*Aimeric de Belenoi wrote Nulhs hom en res no falh, a planh for Nuño Sánchez...	Nuño Sánchez Nuño Sánchez Nuño Sánchez was a Catalan nobleman and statesman.Nuño was the son of Sancho, Count of Provence, Roussillon, and Cerdagne, and Sancha Núñez of the House of Lara. His father was dispossessed of Provence in 1185 but maintained Roussillon and Cerdagne until his death in 1223, handing control of them...
Aimeric de Peguilhan Aimeric de Peguilhan Aimeric or Aimery de Peguilhan, Peguillan, or Pégulhan was a troubadour , born in Peguilhan the son of a cloth merchant....  ?	Ab marrimen angoissos et ab plor	1245 1245 in poetry -Events:*Probably Aimeric de Peguilhan wrote Ab marrimen angoissos et ab plor, a planh for Raymond Berengar IV of Provence...	Raymond Berengar IV of Provence
Rigaut de Berbezilh Rigaut de Berbezilh Rigaut de Berbezilh was a troubadour of the petty nobility of Saintonge. He was a great influence on the Sicilian School and is quoted in the Roman de la Rose...  attr.	En chantan (ieu) plaing e sospir	1245	Raymond Berengar IV of Provence
Bonifaci Calvo Bonifaci Calvo Bonifaci, Bonifatz, or Bonifacio Calvo was a Genoese troubadour of the late thirteenth century. The only biographical account of his life is found in the vida of Bertolome Zorzi. He is, however, the most notable Genoese troubadour after Lanfranc Cigala...	S'ieu ai perdut, no s'en podon jauzir	1250 1250 in poetry -Deaths:* Julian of Speyer , German Franciscan composer, poet, and historian; Latin... –65 1265 in poetry -Works published:* Fujiwara no Tameie, Fujiwara no Motoie, Fujiwara no Ieyoshi, Fujiwara no Yukiee, and Fujiwara no Mitsutoshi, editors, Shokukokin Wakashū , imperial anthology of Japanese waka; it had been ordered in 1259 by the Retired Emperor Go-Saga; consisting of twenty volumes containing...	his anonymous lady
Bertran Carbonel Bertran Carbonel Bertran Carbonel was a Provençal troubadour from Marseille. He is a polarising figure among scholars and his reputation varies between authorities. Eighteen of his lyric works survive, as well as seventy-two or ninety-four single coblas triadas esparsas on "edifying" themes...	S'ieu anc nulh tems chantei alegramen	1252 1252 in poetry -Works published:*Era, pueis yverns es e.l fil by Bonifaci VI de Castellana, an attack on clerics, Henry III of England, and James I of Aragon*Arnaut Catalan and Alfonso X of Castile compose a tenso in which the former uses Occitan and the latter Galician-Portuguese... –65 1265 in poetry -Works published:* Fujiwara no Tameie, Fujiwara no Motoie, Fujiwara no Ieyoshi, Fujiwara no Yukiee, and Fujiwara no Mitsutoshi, editors, Shokukokin Wakashū , imperial anthology of Japanese waka; it had been ordered in 1259 by the Retired Emperor Go-Saga; consisting of twenty volumes containing...	P. G. (prob. Peire Guilhem de Tolosa)
Pons Santolh Pons Santolh Pons Santolh was a thirteenth-century troubadour, probably a member of the Centulli family, but whether of the Castelsarrasin or Toulouse branch remains a mystery. He was a brother of the wife of Guilhem de Montanhagol. He composed a planh, "Marritz com oms mal sabens ab frachura", on his...	Marritz com hom malsabens ab frachura	1260 1260 in poetry -Works published:*Gerra e trebailh e brega.m plaz by Bonifaci VI de Castellana, attack on Charles of Anjou*L'autre jorn m'anava, a pastorela by Guiraut Riquier-Deaths:*26 August — Alberico da Romano , patron and troubadour, executed...	Guilhem de Montanhagol Guilhem de Montanhagol Guilhem Montanhagol was a Provençal troubadour, most likely active in Toulouse, but known in the courts of Provence, Toulouse, Castile, and Aragon. Guilhem left behind seven cansos and six sirventes...
Raimon Gaucelm	Cascus planh lo sieu damnatge	1262 1262 in poetry -Works published:*Sitot no m'es fort gaya la sazos by Bonifaci VI de Castellana, written at Montpellier, an attack on Charles of Anjou*Quascus planh le sieu damnatge, a planh of Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers for a bourgeois of Béziers named Guiraut de Linhan and the only such poem surviving for a...	Guiraut d'Alanhan, burgess of Béziers
Anonymous	Totas honors e tug fag benestan	1266 1266 in poetry -Events:* Dubsúilech Ó Maolconaire becomes Ollamh Síl Muireadaigh* Bonifaci Calvo returns to Lombardy from Spain...	Manfred of Sicily Manfred of Sicily Manfred was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266. He was a natural son of the emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen but his mother, Bianca Lancia , is reported by Matthew of Paris to have been married to the emperor while on her deathbed.-Background:Manfred was born in Venosa...
Bertolome Zorzi Bertolome Zorzi Bertolome Zorzi was a Venetian nobleman, merchant, and troubadour. Like all Lombard troubadours, he composed in the Occitan language. Eighteen of his works survive....	Sil mons fondes a meravilha gran	1268 1268 in poetry -Events:*The Italian Calega Panzan composes Ar es sazos c'om si deu alegrar, a sirventes attacking the Guelphs and Angevins*Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers composes Qui vol aver complida amistansa, a canso about Louis IX of France and his preparations for the Eighth Crusade*Paulet de Marselha composes...	Conradin Conradin Conrad , called the Younger or the Boy, but usually known by the diminutive Conradin , was the Duke of Swabia , King of Jerusalem , and King of Sicily .-Early childhood:Conradin was born in Wolfstein, Bavaria, to Conrad...  and Frederick I of Baden Frederick I, Margrave of Baden Frederick I of Baden was Margrave of Baden and claimant Duke of Austria from October 4, 1250 until his death...
Paulet de Marselha Paulet de Marselha Paulet de Marselha was a Provençal troubadour from Marseille. Three of his eight surviving works are dedicated to Barral dels Baus, the viscount of Marseille. Three were love songs composed in Marseille during an era of peace...	Razos no nes que hom deja cantar	1268	Barral II dels Baus
Anonymous	En chantan m'aven a retraire	1269 1269 in poetry -Events:*Folquet de Lunel, Dalfinet, and Cerverí de Girona in the paid service of Peter the Great-Works published:*Estat aurai lonc temps en pessamen by Olivier lo Templier, celebrating the Crusade fleet of James the Conqueror, which left Barcelona that year...	Gregorio de Montelungo
Guilhem d'Autpol Guilhem d'Autpol Guilhem d'Autpol or Daspol was a troubadour from Hautpoul in the Languedoc. He wrote four works that survive, three dwelling on intensely religious themes. There exists some evidence internal in his songs that he was a jongleur early on.Esperansa de totz ferms esperans is a religious alba...  ?	Fortz tristors es e salvatj'a retraire	1270 1270 in poetry -Events:* Tanaide Mor mac Dúinnín Ó Maolconaire becomes Ollamh Síl Muireadaigh* Three planhs composed for the death of Louis IX of France:**Guilhem d'Autpol composed Fortz tristors es e salvaj'a retraire...	Louis IX of France Louis IX of France Louis IX , commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and...
Guiraut Riquier Guiraut Riquier Guiraut Riquier is among the last of the Provençal troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works....	Ples de tristor, marritz e doloiros	1270	Amalric IV of Narbonne
Joan Esteve	Aissi quol malanans	1270	Amalric IV of Narbonne
Mahieu de Quercy	Tan sui marritz que nom puesc alegrar	1276 1276 in poetry -Events:*26 August — Matieu de Caersi composed a planh on the death of James I of Aragon and so did Cerverí de Girona...	James the Conqueror James I of Aragon James I the Conqueror was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276...
Cerverí de Girona Cerverí de Girona Cerverí de Girona was a Catalan troubadour born Guillem de Cervera in Girona. He was the most prolific troubadour, leaving behind some 114 lyric poems among other works, including an ensenhamen of proverbs for his son, totaling about 130. He was a court poet to James the Conqueror and Peter the...	Si per tristor per dol ni per cossire	1276	James the Conqueror
Cerverí de Girona	Joys ni solatz, pascors, abrils ni mais	1276	Raimon de Cardona
Joan Esteve	Planhen ploran ab desplazer	1289 1289 in poetry -Events:*Joan Esteve wrote Planhen ploran ab desplazer, a planh for Guilhem de Lodeva, the French admiral...	Guilhem de Lodeva
Raimon Menudet	Ab grans dolors et ab grans merrimens	????	Daude de Bossaguas
Raimon de Cornet Raimon de Cornet Raimon de Cornet was a fourteenth-century Toulousain priest, friar, grammarian, poet, and troubadour. He was a prolific author of verse; more than forty of his poems survive, most in Occitan but two in Latin. He also wrote letters, a didactic poem , a grammar, and some treatises on computation...	Aras quan vey de bos homes fraytura	1324	Amanieu VII of Albret
Anonymous	Glorios Dieus, don totz bens ha creysensa	1343	Robert the Peace-Maker Robert of Naples Robert of Anjou , known as Robert the Wise was King of Naples, titular King of Jerusalem and Count of Provence and Forcalquier from 1309 to 1343, the central figure of Italian politics of his time. He was the third but eldest surviving son of King Charles II of Naples the Lame and Maria of Hungary...