Photomapping
Encyclopedia
Photomapping involves the process of drawing a map from a photographic base. “In all likelihood, computer map making, including analogue processing, will have replaced manual map making for well over 90 per cent of all maps".
Rectification of imagery is generally achieved by "fitting the projected images of each photograph to a set of four control points whose positions have been derived from an existing map or from ground measurements. When these rectified, scaled photographs are positioned on a grid of control points, a good correspondence can be achieved between them through skillful trimming and fitting and the use of the areas around the principal point where the relief displacements (which cannot be removed) are at a minimum.”
“It is quite reasonable to conclude that some form of photomap will become the standard general map of the future.” go on to suggest that, “photomapping would appear to be the only way to take reasonable advantage” of future data sources like high altitude aircraft and satellite imagery.
Demonstrating the link between orthophoto
mapping and archaeology
, historic airphotos
photos were used to aid in developing a reconstruction of the Ventura mission that guided excavations of the structure's walls.
Overhead photography has been widely applied for mapping surface remains and excavation exposures at archaeological sites. Suggested platforms for capturing these photographs has included: War Balloons from World War I; rubber meteorological balloons ; kites
; wooden platforms, metal frameworks, constructed over an excavation exposure; ladders both alone and held together with poles or planks; three legged ladders; single and multi-section poles; bipods; tripods; tetrapods aerial bucket trucks ("cherry pickers'), and light weight individuals dangling from the limb of a nearby tree.
Hand held near nadir over head digital photographs have been used with geographic information systems (GIS
) to record excavation exposures.
Principles and Definitions
Photomapping is the process of making a map with “cartographic enhancements” that have been drawn from a photomosaic that is a “a composite photographic image of the ground” or more precisely as a controlled photomosaic where “individual photographs are rectified for tilt and brought to a common scale (at least at certain control points).”Rectification of imagery is generally achieved by "fitting the projected images of each photograph to a set of four control points whose positions have been derived from an existing map or from ground measurements. When these rectified, scaled photographs are positioned on a grid of control points, a good correspondence can be achieved between them through skillful trimming and fitting and the use of the areas around the principal point where the relief displacements (which cannot be removed) are at a minimum.”
“It is quite reasonable to conclude that some form of photomap will become the standard general map of the future.” go on to suggest that, “photomapping would appear to be the only way to take reasonable advantage” of future data sources like high altitude aircraft and satellite imagery.
Photomapping in Archaeology
Orthophoto
An orthophoto, orthophotograph or orthoimage is an aerial photograph geometrically corrected such that the scale is uniform: the photo has the same lack of distortion as a map...
mapping and archaeology
Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology , is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes...
, historic airphotos
Aerial photography
Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. The term usually refers to images in which the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Cameras may be hand held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by a photographer, triggered remotely or...
photos were used to aid in developing a reconstruction of the Ventura mission that guided excavations of the structure's walls.
Overhead photography has been widely applied for mapping surface remains and excavation exposures at archaeological sites. Suggested platforms for capturing these photographs has included: War Balloons from World War I; rubber meteorological balloons ; kites
Kite aerial photography
Kite aerial photography is a hobby and a type of photography. A camera is lifted using a kite and is triggered either remotely or automatically to take aerial photographs. The camera rigs can range from the extremely simple, consisting of a trigger mechanism with a disposable camera, to complex...
; wooden platforms, metal frameworks, constructed over an excavation exposure; ladders both alone and held together with poles or planks; three legged ladders; single and multi-section poles; bipods; tripods; tetrapods aerial bucket trucks ("cherry pickers'), and light weight individuals dangling from the limb of a nearby tree.
Hand held near nadir over head digital photographs have been used with geographic information systems (GIS
Geographic Information System
A geographic information system, geographical information science, or geospatial information studies is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data...
) to record excavation exposures.