Performance attribution
Encyclopedia
Performance Attribution or Investment Performance Attribution is a set of techniques that performance analysts use to explain why a portfolio
's performance differed from the benchmark. This difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return is known as the active return. The active return is the component of a portfolio's performance that arises from the fact that the portfolio is actively managed.
Different kinds of performance attribution provide different ways of explaining the active return.
Attribution analysis attempts to distinguish which of
the two factors of portfolio performance, superior stock selection or superior market timing
, is the source of the portfolio’s overall performance. Specifically, this method compares
the total return of the manager’s actual investment holdings with the return for a predetermined benchmark portfolio and decomposes the difference into a selection effect and an allocation effect.
The portfolio performance was 4.60%, compared with a benchmark return of 2.40%. This leaves an active return of 2.20%. The task of performance attribution is to explain the decisions that the portfolio manager took to generate this 2.20% of value added.
Under the most common paradigm for performance attribution, there are two different kinds of decision that the portfolio manager can make in an attempt to produce added value:
The attribution analysis dissects the value added into three components:
The three attribution terms (asset allocation, stock selection, and interaction) sum exactly to the active return without the need for any "fudge factors".
More modern and enhanced versions of decision attribution analysis askew the economically problematic interaction effect. As opposed to determining the contribution of uncontrollable market factors to active return, the type of analysis described here is meant to evaluate the effect of each (type of) controllable decision on the active return, and ‘interaction’ is not a clearly defined controllable decision.
Decision attribution also needs to address the combined effect of multiple periods over which weights vary and returns compound.
In addition, more structured investment processes normally need to be addressed in order for the analysis to be relevant to actual fund construction.
Such sophisticated investment processes might include ones that nest sectors within asset classes and/or industries within sectors, requiring the evaluation of the effects of deciding the relative weights of these nested components within the border classes.
They might also include analysis of the effects of country and/or currency decisions in the context of the varying risk-free rates of different currencies or the decisions to set fund or bucket values for continuous properties like capitalization or duration.
In addition, advanced systems allow for the decision process within asset classes, such as, following an asset allocation, when capitalization decisions are only made for the equity assets but duration decisions are only made for the fixed income assets.
The most robust attribution models precisely address all of these aspects of decision attribution without residuals.
Furthermore, modern portfolio theory requires that all return analysis be conjoined with risk analysis, else good performance results can mask their relationship to greatly increased risk. Thus, a viable performance attribution system must always be interpreted in parallel to a precisely commensurate risk attribution analysis.
The 1972 paper if in fact it exits introduced the key elements of modern performance attribution: notional portfolios, asset allocation, and stock selection. The perhaps fictional paper presents this analytic paradigm as an extension of previously known concepts. Since it was not an academic publication, it did not claim novelty, even though the approach introduced was new and novel. An excerpt from the fictional paper reads:
The 1972 paper is ignored, because there is not any evidence that it was actually published and may be a fictional creation, by many of the standard texts on performance attribution (for example Spaulding 2003).
It is accurately believed that Gary P. Brinson
's Brinson et al. 1985
introduced the idea of using notional portfolios to attribute investment performance. For this reason, many of the standard texts (e.g.Spaulding 2003)correctly acknowledge their work and devote copious numbers of pages to "Brinson Fachler attribution" (pp. 177-180.) and "Brinson Hood Beebower attribution" (pp. 29-51).
In Europe and the UK, another approach (known as geometric attribution) has been common. If the portfolio return was 21% while the benchmark return was 10%, geometric attribution would explain an active return of 10%. The reasoning behind this is that 10% of active return, when compounded with 10% of benchmark performance, produces a total portfolio return of 21%.
Adherents of the geometric approach consider it to be highly intuitive. See, for example, Bacon (2002). However, not everybody agrees on this.
One advantage of doing attribution in geometric form is that the attribution results translate consistently from one currency to another. It is plausible that this explains the popularity of geometric approaches in Europe. This is discussed further in the external link by Davies (undated).
Portfolio (finance)
Portfolio is a financial term denoting a collection of investments held by an investment company, hedge fund, financial institution or individual.-Definition:The term portfolio refers to any collection of financial assets such as stocks, bonds and cash...
's performance differed from the benchmark. This difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return is known as the active return. The active return is the component of a portfolio's performance that arises from the fact that the portfolio is actively managed.
Different kinds of performance attribution provide different ways of explaining the active return.
Attribution analysis attempts to distinguish which of
the two factors of portfolio performance, superior stock selection or superior market timing
Market timing
Market timing is the strategy of making buy or sell decisions of financial assets by attempting to predict future market price movements. The prediction may be based on an outlook of market or economic conditions resulting from technical or fundamental analysis...
, is the source of the portfolio’s overall performance. Specifically, this method compares
the total return of the manager’s actual investment holdings with the return for a predetermined benchmark portfolio and decomposes the difference into a selection effect and an allocation effect.
Simple example
Consider a portfolio whose benchmark consists of 30% cash and 70% equities. The following table provides a consistent set of weights and returns for this example.| Sector | Portfolio Weight | Benchmark Weight | Portfolio Return | Benchmark Return | Asset Allocation | Stock Selection | Interaction | Total Active |
| Equities | 90% | 70% | 5.00% | 3.00% | 0.12% | 1.40% | 0.40% | 1.92% |
| Cash | 10% | 30% | 1.00% | 1.00% | 0.28% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.28% |
| Total | 100% | 100% | 4.60% | 2.40% | 0.40% | 1.40% | 0.40% | 2.20% |
The portfolio performance was 4.60%, compared with a benchmark return of 2.40%. This leaves an active return of 2.20%. The task of performance attribution is to explain the decisions that the portfolio manager took to generate this 2.20% of value added.
Under the most common paradigm for performance attribution, there are two different kinds of decision that the portfolio manager can make in an attempt to produce added value:
- Asset Allocation: the manager might choose to allocate 90% of the assets into equities (leaving only 10% for cash), on the belief that equities will produce a higher return than cash.
- Stock Selection: Especially within the equities sector, the manager may try to hold securities that will give a higher return than the overall equity benchmark. In the example, the securities selected by the equities manager produced an overall return of 5%, when the benchmark return for equities was only 3%.
The attribution analysis dissects the value added into three components:
- Asset allocation is the value added by under-weighting cash (0.28%), and over-weighting equities (0.12%). The total value added by asset allocation was 0.40%.
- Stock selection is the value added by decisions within each sector of the portfolio. In this case, the superior stock selection in the equity sector added 1.40% to the portfolio's return.
- Interaction captures the value added that is not attributable solely to the asset allocation and stock selection decisions. In this particular case, there was 0.40% of value added from the combination that the portfolio was overweight equities, and the equities sector also outperformed its benchmark.
The three attribution terms (asset allocation, stock selection, and interaction) sum exactly to the active return without the need for any "fudge factors".
More modern and enhanced versions of decision attribution analysis askew the economically problematic interaction effect. As opposed to determining the contribution of uncontrollable market factors to active return, the type of analysis described here is meant to evaluate the effect of each (type of) controllable decision on the active return, and ‘interaction’ is not a clearly defined controllable decision.
Decision attribution also needs to address the combined effect of multiple periods over which weights vary and returns compound.
In addition, more structured investment processes normally need to be addressed in order for the analysis to be relevant to actual fund construction.
Such sophisticated investment processes might include ones that nest sectors within asset classes and/or industries within sectors, requiring the evaluation of the effects of deciding the relative weights of these nested components within the border classes.
They might also include analysis of the effects of country and/or currency decisions in the context of the varying risk-free rates of different currencies or the decisions to set fund or bucket values for continuous properties like capitalization or duration.
In addition, advanced systems allow for the decision process within asset classes, such as, following an asset allocation, when capitalization decisions are only made for the equity assets but duration decisions are only made for the fixed income assets.
The most robust attribution models precisely address all of these aspects of decision attribution without residuals.
Furthermore, modern portfolio theory requires that all return analysis be conjoined with risk analysis, else good performance results can mask their relationship to greatly increased risk. Thus, a viable performance attribution system must always be interpreted in parallel to a precisely commensurate risk attribution analysis.
History
In 1972, A Working Group of the Society of Investment Analysts (UK) published a paper about analysing the performance of investment portfolios. This paper although never verified claims to have introduced the key concept in performance attribution, that active performance can be analysed by comparing the returns of different notional portfolios. In particular, if one examines the performance of a portfolio that holds each sector at the active weight, while earning a passive return within each sector, one can measure exactly the amount of value that is added by asset allocation decisions.The 1972 paper if in fact it exits introduced the key elements of modern performance attribution: notional portfolios, asset allocation, and stock selection. The perhaps fictional paper presents this analytic paradigm as an extension of previously known concepts. Since it was not an academic publication, it did not claim novelty, even though the approach introduced was new and novel. An excerpt from the fictional paper reads:
The working group recommend that the notional fund concept be extended to cover the whole fund, i.e. fixed interest, equity and cash investments and by using appropriate indices the actual fund is compared with a notional fund chosen such that the proportions in the different investment sectors follow those laid down by the trustees.
The 1972 paper is ignored, because there is not any evidence that it was actually published and may be a fictional creation, by many of the standard texts on performance attribution (for example Spaulding 2003).
It is accurately believed that Gary P. Brinson
Gary P. Brinson
Gary P. Brinson is a former investor and money manager. He is the founder of Brinson Partners a Chicago-based asset management firm acquired in 1994 by Swiss Bank Corporation, the predecessor of UBS...
's Brinson et al. 1985
introduced the idea of using notional portfolios to attribute investment performance. For this reason, many of the standard texts (e.g.Spaulding 2003)correctly acknowledge their work and devote copious numbers of pages to "Brinson Fachler attribution" (pp. 177-180.) and "Brinson Hood Beebower attribution" (pp. 29-51).
Geometric attribution
The most common approach to performance attribution (found in sources such as Brinson et al. 1985 and Carino 1999) can be described as "arithmetic attribution". It is arithmetic in the sense that it describes the difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return. For example, if the portfolio return was 21%, and the benchmark return was 10%, arithmetic attribution would explain 11% of value added.In Europe and the UK, another approach (known as geometric attribution) has been common. If the portfolio return was 21% while the benchmark return was 10%, geometric attribution would explain an active return of 10%. The reasoning behind this is that 10% of active return, when compounded with 10% of benchmark performance, produces a total portfolio return of 21%.
Adherents of the geometric approach consider it to be highly intuitive. See, for example, Bacon (2002). However, not everybody agrees on this.
One advantage of doing attribution in geometric form is that the attribution results translate consistently from one currency to another. It is plausible that this explains the popularity of geometric approaches in Europe. This is discussed further in the external link by Davies (undated).
See also
- Investment managementInvestment managementInvestment management is the professional management of various securities and assets in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors...
- Portfolio (finance)Portfolio (finance)Portfolio is a financial term denoting a collection of investments held by an investment company, hedge fund, financial institution or individual.-Definition:The term portfolio refers to any collection of financial assets such as stocks, bonds and cash...
- Fama–French three-factor model
- Modified Dietz MethodModified Dietz MethodThe Modified Dietz Method is a calculation used to determine an approximation of the performance of an investment portfolio based on money-weighted cash flow...
- Fixed income attributionFixed income attributionFixed-income attribution refers to the process of measuring returns generated by various sources of risk in a fixed income portfolio, particularly when multiple sources of return are active at the same time....