The papal election

Papal conclave

A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, who then becomes the Pope during a period of vacancy in the papal office. The Pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church...

of 1144 followed the death of Pope Celestine II

Pope Celestine II

Pope Celestine II , born Guido di Castello, was pope from 1143 to 1144.-Early life:Guido di Castello, possibly the son of a local noble, Niccolo di Castello, was born either in Città di Castello, situated in Paterna Santa Felicita upon the Apennines, or at Macerata in the March of Ancona.Guido had...

 and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II , born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death Feb 15, 1145. His pontificate was notable for the unrest in Rome associated with the Commune of Rome, and its attempts to wrest control of the city from the papacy.-Early life:Gherardo Caccianemici...

.

Election Lucius II

Pope Celestine II died on 8 March 1144 at Rome, after pontificate of only five months. The election of his successor took place in the shadow of this municipal revolution, which opposed the secular rule of the Pope. Celestine II was unable to recover the full control over the city of Rome; in addition he had to face also the demands of the king Roger II of Sicily

Roger II of Sicily

Roger II was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria , then King of Sicily...

. This problem also remained unresolved on his death, because he had refused to confirm the privileges granted to Roger by his predecessor Innocent II.

The cardinals present at Rome elected Cardinal Gerardo Caccianemici, priest of the titulus of S. Croce in Gerusalemme and former canon regular of S. Frediano di Lucca. The details concerning the place of the election or the exact date of electoral proceedeings are not registered. Since the elect was chancellor of the Holy See and close collaborator of both Innocent II and Celestine II, it may be assumed that the cardinals wanted to continue their policy, friendly towards the Empire and hostile towards the king Roger. The elect took the name of Lucius II and received episcopal consecration on 12 March 1144.

Cardinal-electors

There were probably 39 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in March 1144. Basing on the examination of the subscribtions of the papal bulls in 1144 and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 35 cardinals participated in the election:

Elector	Cardinalatial Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Corrado Demetri della Suburra	Bishop of Sabina	1113/14	Paschalis II	Dean of the College of Cardinals Dean of the College of Cardinals The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the president of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank of Cardinal Bishop. The Dean is not necessarily the longest-serving member of the whole College... ; future Pope Anastasius IV (1153–1154)
Theodwin Theodwin Theodwin was a German cardinal and papal legate of the 12th century.-Biography:Theodwin was Abbot of Gorze from 1126 to ca... , O.S.B.	Bishop of Santa Rufina	21 December 1134	Innocent II
Alberic de Beauvais, O.S.B.Cluny	Bishop of Ostia Bishop of Ostia The Bishop of Ostia is the head of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven suburbicarian sees of Rome. The position is now attached to the post of Dean of the College of Cardinals, as it has been since 1150, with the actual governance of the diocese entrusted to the Vicar General of...	3 April 1138	Innocent II
Étienne de Châlons, O.Cist.	Bishop of Palestrina	21 February 1141	Innocent II
Icmar Icmar of Tusculum Icmar was a French cardinal.He entered the Benedictine order of the Congregation of Cluny in the monastery of Saint-Martin des Champes in Paris; for a some time, he was a monk at Cluny. Later, he became abbot of the monastery S. Maria Nuova in the diocese of Poitiers. He was a friend of St... , O.S.B.Cluny	Bishop of Tusculum	13 March 1142	Innocent II
Pietro Pietro Papareschi Pietro was an Italian cardinal created by Pope Innocent II on 17 September 1143. He is often referred to as brother of Innocent II and member of the Roman family of Papareschi but this is not attested in the contemporary sources. He signed the papal bulls as Cardinal-Bishop of Albano between 9...	Bishop of Albano	17 September 1143	Innocent II
Gerardo Caccianemici, Can.Reg.	Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme	9 March 1123	Callixtus II	Protopriest Protopriest Protopriest — in the College of Cardinals, is the first Cardinal-Priest in the order of precedence. This title is always attached to the most senior Cardinal Priest according to date of his creation. From the 17th century until the end of 19th century Protopriest usually opted for the titulus San... ; Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church; elected Pope Lucius II
Guido Florentinus	Priest of S. Crisogono	1139	Innocent II
Rainiero	Priest of S. Prisca	22 December 1139	Innocent II
Goizo	Priest of S. Cecilia	22 December 1139	Innocent II
Gregorio della Suburra	Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere	1 March 1140	Innocent II
Tommaso	Priest of S. Vitale	1 March 1140	Innocent II
Pietro	Priest of S. Pudenziana	20 September 1140	Innocent II	Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica
Ubaldo Allucingoli Pope Lucius III Pope Lucius III , born Ubaldo, was pope from 1 September 1181 to his death.A native of the independent republic of Lucca, he was born ca. 1100 as Ubaldo, son of Orlando. He is commonly referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Allucingoli, but this is not proven...	Priest of S. Prassede	16 December 1138	Innocent II	Future Pope Lucius III (1181–1185)
Ubaldo	Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo	19 December 1141	Innocent II
Gilberto	Priest of S. Marco	13 March 1142	Innocent II
Niccolo	Priest of S. Ciriaco	13 March 1142	Innocent II
Manfredo	Priest of S. Sabina	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Rainiero	Priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Guido de Summa Guido de Summa Guido de Summa was an Italian Cardinal.He was born in Milan. Pope Celestine II created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso in the consistory celebrated on December 17, 1143. He subscribed the papal bulls between December 28, 1143 and April 14, 1150 and participated in the papal election,...	Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Ariberto	Priest of S. Anastasia	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Gregorio Tarquini Gregorio Tarquini Gregorio Tarquini was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Born in Rome, he was created cardinal deacon of Sts. Sergio e Bacco in December 1122...	Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco	9 March 1123	Callixtus II	Protodeacon Protodeacon Protodeacon derives from the Greek proto- meaning 'first' and diakonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning "servant", "waiting-man," "minister" or "messenger." The word in English may refer to various clergymen, depending upon the usage of the particular church in question.-Eastern...
Odone Bonecase	Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro	4 March 1132	Innocent II
Guido Pisano	Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano	4 March 1132	Innocent II
Gerardo	Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica	27 May 1138	Innocent II
Pietro	Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro	21 February 1141	Innocent II
Pietro	Deacon of S. Maria in Portico	19 September 1141	Innocent II
Guido	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	19 December 1141	Innocent II
Gregorio	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	19 December 1141	Innocent II
Gregorio	Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Astaldo degli Astalli	Deacon of S. Eustachio	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Giovanni Caccianemici, Can.Reg.	Deacon of S. Maria Nuova	17 December 1143	Celestine II	Nephew of the elect
Giovanni Paparoni Giovanni Paparoni Giovanni Paparoni was an Italian Cardinal and prominent papal legate in dealings with Ireland and Scotland.He was created Cardinal by Pope Celestine II in 1143. He presided at the Synod of Kells in 1152, which decided the system of four archbishops for Ireland...	Deacon of S. Adriano	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Ugo Novariensis	Deacon of S. Lucia in Orphea	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Rodolfo	Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio	17 December 1143	Celestine II

Twenty two electors were created by Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:...

, ten by Celestine II, two by Pope Callixtus II

Pope Callixtus II

Pope Calixtus II , born Guy de Vienne, the fourth son of William I, Count of Burgundy , was elected Pope on February 1, 1119, after the death of Pope Gelasius II . His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, which he was able to settle through the Concordat of Worms...

 and one by Pope Paschalis II.

Absentees

Elector	Cardinalatial Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas.	Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro	ca. 1139-1141	Innocent II	Abbot of Montecassino (external cardinal External cardinal External cardinal is a term used to describe an opposite to the "curial cardinal," with reference to the certain category of the members of the College of Cardinals in the late Middle Ages... )
Adinolfo, O.S.B.	Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin	16 December 1132	Innocent II	Abbot of Farfa; papal legate in Germany
Ottaviano de Monticelli	Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere	25 February 1138	Innocent II	Papal legate in the Kingdom of Sicily; future Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)
Guido de Castro Ficeclo	Deacon of S. Apollinare	1139	Innocent II	Papal legate in Bohemia and Moravia