Number of Identified Specimens
Encyclopedia
The Number of Identified Specimens or Number of Individual Specimens (NISP), is used in archaeology
and paleontology
when counting bone
s from a site. NISP counts each bone and fragment as one unit. The NISP is an estimate of the number of individuals at that location.
NISP can often be an overestimate of the actual number of individuals at the site, especially when preservation is good but bones are highly fragmented. Multiple fragments of the same bone lead to it being counted multiple times. However, too much fragmentation can lead to an inability to identify a bone as a particular type in the first place. At many sites with poor preservation the total NISP severely underestimates the total possible number of individuals that contributed to the assemblage. Some paleoindian sites, which often exhibit poor organic preservation, are a case in point. However, this and some other problems can be corrected analytically.
A more serious problem is the one of interdependence. There is generally no reliable way to determine if individually counted specimens originated from the same organism on the ancient landscape and are therefore interdependent. Because this probability can be generally assumed to be >0, NISP in most cases overestimates the actual number of individual animals represented in a recovered assemblage by some unknowable degree.
An alternative estimate to NISP, often done in concert, is minimum number of individuals
(MNI). Both are influenced by fragmentation and limited preservation, but in different ways. NISP tends to overestimate the number of individuals under moderate fragmentation, but the overestimate lessens as fragmentation increases due to the inability to classify the bones. MNI tends to underestimate the actual number under medium fragmentation, and even more severely when bones are highly fragmented. Under hypothetically perfect preservation and no fragmentation, these estimates should be the same. MNI also suffers from the aggregation problem, in which different aggregations will generate at least two values, a MNI minimum and maximum, which are generally empirically indistinguishable. Both NISP and MNI are likely only ordinals scale measurements, which means at best they can only give an ordered series of taxonomic abundance, i.e. "Taxon A is more numerous than Taxon B."
NISP should not be used when calculating a sample size for inferential statistics, because it will inflate the statistical significance. Thus in these situations MNI
should be used instead.
Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology , is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes...
and paleontology
Paleontology
Paleontology "old, ancient", ὄν, ὀντ- "being, creature", and λόγος "speech, thought") is the study of prehistoric life. It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments...
when counting bone
Bone
Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
s from a site. NISP counts each bone and fragment as one unit. The NISP is an estimate of the number of individuals at that location.
NISP can often be an overestimate of the actual number of individuals at the site, especially when preservation is good but bones are highly fragmented. Multiple fragments of the same bone lead to it being counted multiple times. However, too much fragmentation can lead to an inability to identify a bone as a particular type in the first place. At many sites with poor preservation the total NISP severely underestimates the total possible number of individuals that contributed to the assemblage. Some paleoindian sites, which often exhibit poor organic preservation, are a case in point. However, this and some other problems can be corrected analytically.
A more serious problem is the one of interdependence. There is generally no reliable way to determine if individually counted specimens originated from the same organism on the ancient landscape and are therefore interdependent. Because this probability can be generally assumed to be >0, NISP in most cases overestimates the actual number of individual animals represented in a recovered assemblage by some unknowable degree.
An alternative estimate to NISP, often done in concert, is minimum number of individuals
Minimum number of individuals
In disciplines including forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, osteoarchaeology and zooarchaeology Minimum number of individuals, or MNI, refers to the fewest possible number of people or animals in a skeletal assemblage...
(MNI). Both are influenced by fragmentation and limited preservation, but in different ways. NISP tends to overestimate the number of individuals under moderate fragmentation, but the overestimate lessens as fragmentation increases due to the inability to classify the bones. MNI tends to underestimate the actual number under medium fragmentation, and even more severely when bones are highly fragmented. Under hypothetically perfect preservation and no fragmentation, these estimates should be the same. MNI also suffers from the aggregation problem, in which different aggregations will generate at least two values, a MNI minimum and maximum, which are generally empirically indistinguishable. Both NISP and MNI are likely only ordinals scale measurements, which means at best they can only give an ordered series of taxonomic abundance, i.e. "Taxon A is more numerous than Taxon B."
NISP should not be used when calculating a sample size for inferential statistics, because it will inflate the statistical significance. Thus in these situations MNI
Minimum number of individuals
In disciplines including forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, osteoarchaeology and zooarchaeology Minimum number of individuals, or MNI, refers to the fewest possible number of people or animals in a skeletal assemblage...
should be used instead.