Negative verb
Encyclopedia
A negative verb is a type of auxiliary
that is used to form the negative of a main verb. The main verb itself has no personal endings, while the negative verb takes the inflection. The English auxiliary "don't" or "doesn't" performs a similar function: one says "we don't make", where "make" has no inflection, and "don't" is essentially a negative verb that indicates the person/number of "we" (contrast "he doesn't" with a different person/number).
. Uralic languages inflect by person, thus one word, the negative verb corresponds to e.g. "I don't" (Finnish en) or "doesn't" (ei).
. In the present tense, the form of the main verb is just the stem of the present form without a personal ending, e.g. lähden – en lähde ’I leave’ – ’I do not leave’, menisit – et menisi ’you would go’ – ’you would not go’, syönee – ei syöne ’he/she may eat’ – ’he/she may not eat’, ottakaamme – älkäämme ottako ’let us take’ – ’let us not take’. In the imperfect tense, the form of the main verb is the past participle, e.g. otin – en ottanut ’I took’ – ’I did not take’, otimme – emme ottaneet ’we took’ – ’we did not take’.
Indicative, conditional
, and potential
Imperative
, the indicative, conditional and potential no longer have distinctive forms for each person (cf. the Finnish negative verb above).
Indicative, conditional
, and modus obliquus
Imperative
Indicative, conditional
, and potential mood
Imperative
Indicative, conditional
, and potential mood
Imperative
These forms are also unique in that they have an existential role "there is (not)" and "there are (not)". In the present indicative 3rd person, copular verbs are not used, rather the absence of a verb (with or without a negation particle) implies the copula.
이다 ida has a corresponding negative copula 아니다 anida.
makes use of such a verb as well:
Auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary verb is a verb that gives further semantic or syntactic information about a main or full verb. In English, the extra meaning provided by an auxiliary verb alters the basic meaning of the main verb to make it have one or more of the following functions: passive voice,...
that is used to form the negative of a main verb. The main verb itself has no personal endings, while the negative verb takes the inflection. The English auxiliary "don't" or "doesn't" performs a similar function: one says "we don't make", where "make" has no inflection, and "don't" is essentially a negative verb that indicates the person/number of "we" (contrast "he doesn't" with a different person/number).
Negative Verb in Uralic Languages
The negative verb is typical of the Uralic languagesUralic languages
The Uralic languages constitute a language family of some three dozen languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Mari and Udmurt...
. Uralic languages inflect by person, thus one word, the negative verb corresponds to e.g. "I don't" (Finnish en) or "doesn't" (ei).
Finnish
The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in FinnishFinnish language
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland Primarily for use by restaurant menus and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a...
. In the present tense, the form of the main verb is just the stem of the present form without a personal ending, e.g. lähden – en lähde ’I leave’ – ’I do not leave’, menisit – et menisi ’you would go’ – ’you would not go’, syönee – ei syöne ’he/she may eat’ – ’he/she may not eat’, ottakaamme – älkäämme ottako ’let us take’ – ’let us not take’. In the imperfect tense, the form of the main verb is the past participle, e.g. otin – en ottanut ’I took’ – ’I did not take’, otimme – emme ottaneet ’we took’ – ’we did not take’.
Indicative, conditional
Conditional mood
In linguistics, the conditional mood is the inflectional form of the verb used in the independent clause of a conditional sentence to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event, that is contingent on another set of circumstances...
, and potential
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | en | emme |
| 2. | et | ette |
| 3. | ei | eivät |
Imperative
Imperative mood
The imperative mood expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.- Morphology :...
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | - | älkäämme |
| 2. | älä | älkää |
| 3. | älköön | älkööt |
Estonian
Although the negative verb is conjugated for mood and person in EstonianEstonian language
Estonian is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various émigré communities...
, the indicative, conditional and potential no longer have distinctive forms for each person (cf. the Finnish negative verb above).
Indicative, conditional
Conditional mood
In linguistics, the conditional mood is the inflectional form of the verb used in the independent clause of a conditional sentence to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event, that is contingent on another set of circumstances...
, and modus obliquus
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | ei | ei |
| 2. | ei | ei |
| 3. | ei | ei |
Imperative
Imperative mood
The imperative mood expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.- Morphology :...
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | - | ärgem |
| 2. | ära | ärge |
| 3. | ärgu | ärgu |
Inari Sami
The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in Inari Sami:Indicative, conditional
Conditional mood
In linguistics, the conditional mood is the inflectional form of the verb used in the independent clause of a conditional sentence to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event, that is contingent on another set of circumstances...
, and potential mood
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | jie´m | eän | ep |
| 2. | jie´h | eppee | eppeđ |
| 3. | ij | eä´vá | eä |
Imperative
Imperative mood
The imperative mood expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.- Morphology :...
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | eällum | eäl´loon | eällup |
| 2. | ele | ellee | elleđ |
| 3. | eä´lus | eällus | eällus |
Northern Sami
The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in Northern Sami.Indicative, conditional
Conditional mood
In linguistics, the conditional mood is the inflectional form of the verb used in the independent clause of a conditional sentence to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event, that is contingent on another set of circumstances...
, and potential mood
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | in | ean | eat |
| 2. | it | eahppi | ehpet |
| 3. | ii | eaba | eai |
Imperative
Imperative mood
The imperative mood expresses commands or requests as a grammatical mood. These commands or requests urge the audience to act a certain way. It also may signal a prohibition, permission, or any other kind of exhortation.- Morphology :...
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | allon | allu | allot |
| 2. | ale | alli | allet |
| 3. | allos | alloska | alloset |
Hungarian
Hungarian has lost most evidence of a negative verb, but the negation particle "nem" becomes "ne" before verbs in the jussive/imperative (also sometimes called the conditional mood, or J-mood). Furthermore, the 3rd person present indicative of the copular verb (lenni) has unique negative forms nincs(en) and nincsenek as opposed to "nem van" and "nem vannak", but only when the particle and verb would occur adjacently. In all other instances the copular verb acts regularly.These forms are also unique in that they have an existential role "there is (not)" and "there are (not)". In the present indicative 3rd person, copular verbs are not used, rather the absence of a verb (with or without a negation particle) implies the copula.
Japanese
The basic pattern is u becomes anai.| Type | Negative | Examples | Negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| Irregular verbs | |||
| suru | shinai | benkyō suru | benkyō shinai |
| kuru | konai | ||
| aru | nai | ||
| da | de wa nai ja nai |
||
| masu stem | masen | ikimasu (go, polite) | ikimasen |
| Regular verbs | |||
| u | wanai | tsukau (use) | tsukawanai |
| ku | kanai | yaku (burn) | yakanai |
| gu | ganai | oyogu (swim) | oyoganai |
| su | sanai | shimesu (show) | shimesanai |
| tsu | tanai | matsu (wait) | matanai |
| nu | nanai | shinu (die) | shinanai |
| bu | banai | yobu (call) | yobanai |
| mu | manai | yomu (read) | yomanai |
| ru (consonant stem Japanese consonant and vowel verbs Japanese has two types of regular verb,#consonant-stem, , Group I, or u verbs, and#vowel-stem, , Group II, or ru verbs.All vowel-stem verbs end in either -eru or -iru... ) |
ranai | hashiru (run) | hashiranai |
| iru, eru (vowel stem Japanese consonant and vowel verbs Japanese has two types of regular verb,#consonant-stem, , Group I, or u verbs, and#vowel-stem, , Group II, or ru verbs.All vowel-stem verbs end in either -eru or -iru... ) |
inai, enai | kigaeru (change clothes) | kigaenai |
| Adjectives | |||
| i adjectives Japanese adjectives According to many analyses, the Japanese language does not have words that function as adjectives in a syntactic sense, i.e. tree diagrams of Japanese sentences can be constructed without employing adjective phrases. However, there are words that function as adjectives in a semantic sense... |
ku nai | itai (painful) | itakunai |
| na adjectives Japanese adjectives According to many analyses, the Japanese language does not have words that function as adjectives in a syntactic sense, i.e. tree diagrams of Japanese sentences can be constructed without employing adjective phrases. However, there are words that function as adjectives in a semantic sense... |
de wa nai ja nai |
kantan | kantan de wa nai kantan ja nai |
- The nai ending conjugates in two ways.
- As an i adjective. For example the past tense of tabenai is tabenakatta and the te form is tabenakute.
- There is a special te form made by adding de. For example, tabenaide. This is used, for example, in tabenaide kudasai: "Please don't eat (this)".
Korean
Korean verbs can be negated by the negative verbs 않다 anta and 못하다 mothada or by the negative adverbs 안 an and 못 mot. The copulaCopula
In linguistics, a copula is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate . The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a link or tie that connects two different things.A copula is often a verb or a verb-like word, though this is not universally the case...
이다 ida has a corresponding negative copula 아니다 anida.
| Verb | Tense | Affirmative | With negative verbs | With negative adverbs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 않다 anta | 못하다 mothada | 안 an | 못 mot | |||
| 가다 gada |
Nonpast | 간다 ganda |
가지 않는다 gaji anneunda |
가지 못한다 gaji mothanda |
안 간다 an ganda |
못 간다 mot ganda |
| Past | 갔다 gatda |
가지 않았다 gaji anatda |
가지 못했다 gaji mothaetda |
안 갔다 an gatda |
못 갔다 mot gatda |
|
| 먹다 meokda |
Nonpast | 먹는다 meongneunda |
먹지 않는다 meokji anneunda |
먹지 못한다 meokji mothanda |
안 먹는다 an meongneunda |
못 먹는다 mot meongneunda |
| Past | 먹었다 meogeotda |
먹지 않았다 meokji anatda |
먹지 못했다 meokji mothaetda |
안 먹었다 an meogeotda |
못 먹었다 mot meogeotda |
Kannada
The negative mood in Kannada is conjugated by adding the PNG (Person-Number-Gender) marker to the root without a tense marker. It is occasionally used in common speech conjugated, usually with a few common defective verbs in the Negative Mood. e.g. ಸಾಲದು (saaladu) - It is not sufficient , ಕೂಡದು (kUDadu) - It is not fitting ( Not possible / Should not) However, it is very often used in negative adjectives derived from verbal roots' participial forms.| Singular | Meaning | Plural | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ಮಾಡೆನು (maaDenu) | I do (will) not do | ಮಾಡೆವು (maaDevu) | We do (will) not do |
| ಮಾಡೆ (maaDe) | You (Informal) do (will) not do | ಮಾಡರಿ (ಮಾಡಿರಿ) (maaDari (maaDiri)) | You (Formal) do (will) not do |
| ಮಾಡನು (maaDanu) | He does (will) not do | ಮಾಡರು (maaDaru) | They do (will) not do (This can also be used to refer formally to the third person) |
| ಮಾಡಳು (maaDaLu) | She does (will) not do | ಮಾಡರು (maaDaru) | They do (will) not do |
| ಮಾಡದು (maaDadu) | It does (will) not do | ಮಾಡವು (maaDavu) | They do (will) not do |
West Flemish
West FlemishWest Flemish
West Flemish , , , Fransch vlaemsch in French Flemish) is a group of dialects or regional language related to Dutch spoken in parts of the Netherlands, Belgium, and France....
makes use of such a verb as well:
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