NebuAd
Encyclopedia
NebuAd was an American online advertising
company based in Redwood City, California
, with offices in New York and London and was funded by the investment companies Sierra Ventures and Menlo Ventures
.
It was one of several companies developing behavioral targeting
advertising systems, seeking deals with ISPs
to enable them to analyse customer's websurfing habits in order to provide them with more relevant, micro-targeted advertising.. Phorm
is a similar company operating out of Europe. Adzilla and Project Rialto also appear to be developing similar systems.
At one point, NebuAd had signed up more than 30 customers, mostly Internet access providers, its agreements with providers covering 10 percent of the broadband users in America. Due to fallout following public and Congressional concern, NebuAd's largest ISP customers have all pulled out. NebuAd closed for business in the UK in August 2008, followed by the US in May 2009 . NebuAd UK Ltd was dissolved in February 2010.
The System works by installing a hardware device inside an ISP network. Each device can monitor up to 50,000 users. Users can "opt-out" of NebuAd’s information collection and targeted ads, but there is no way for users to prevent ISPs from sending the data to NebuAd in the first place.
Because ISPs route all of their customers' traffic, it is a perfect vantage point from which to monitor all the traffic to and from a consumer using Deep packet inspection
(DPI). By analyzing this traffic, NebuAd says it gains more information about customers' particular interests than less intrusive methods can provide. NebuAd's privacy policy says that they will "specifically not store or use any information relating to confidential medical information, racial or ethnic origins, religious beliefs, or sexuality which are tied to personally identifiable information ('sensitive personal information')." It also advises, "The information we collect is stored and processed on NebuAd's servers in the United States. As a result, that information may be subject to access requests by governments, courts or law enforcement."
At least two customers of a Middle America ISP known as WOW! noticed that when they used Google, unexpected cookies for sites such as nebuad.adjuggler.com were being read and written, but when they contacted WOW's support department, WOW initially denied that it was responsible for this activity. One customer spent hours trying to disinfect his machine as he wrongly believed that it had been infected with spyware after noticing problems with Google loading slowly and the creation of these non-Google cookies, eventually resorted to reinstalling his machine from scratch, only to discover the problem had not gone away.
On July 9, 2008 WOW! suspended the use of Nebuad services to its subscribers.
According to Nebuad's sales, less than 1% of users opt-out. One ISP expects to earn at least $2.50 per month for each user.
Nebuad buy impressions from ad networks including Valueclick.
NebuAd argues that behavioral targeting enriches the Internet on several fronts. Firstly, website owners are offered an improved click-through rate (CTR), which could increase profits or reduce the amount of page-space dedicated to advertising. Owners of previously thought ad-unfriendly websites are offered a chance to make money not on the subject matter of their website but on the interests of their visitors.
Advertisers are offered better targeted adverts, hence reducing the "scattergun approach" (publish as many ads as possible in the hope of catching a client) and users are offered more relevant adverts: Just because one visits the financial pages of a newspaper does not mean all they are interested in is financial product and books on investing.
ISPs were paid for allowing NebuAd access to their network on a per-user per-active profile basis.
Nebuad uses data such as Web search terms, page views, page and ad clicks, time spent on specific sites, zip code, browser info and connection speed to categorise its user's interests. Nebuad does not have access to user identification information from the ISP, but may be able to discover this through traffic monitoring (for example, email traffic may tie an email address to an ip address). Bob Dykes, NebuAd CEO claims "We have 800 [consumer interest segments] today and we're expanding that to multiple thousands".
In response to an inquiry from members of the United States House of Representatives Telecommunications Subcommittee about its pilot test of NebuAd's services, Embarq
said that it notified consumers by revising its privacy policy two weeks prior to sending its users' data streams to NebuAd.
A Knology
user in Knoxville, Tennessee reports that she also was not notified that she was being monitored.
In May 2008, Charter Communications
announced that it planned to monitor websites visited by its customers via a partnership with NebuAd.
But after customers voiced their concerns, Charter changed its mind in June.
, chairman of the House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, and Joe Barton
, a ranking member of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, have argued that such services must be opt-in only to comply with the provisions laid down by Section 631 of the US Communications Act, and have written to Charter requesting they suspend the test "We respectfully request that you do not move forward on Charter Communications' proposed venture with NebuAd until we have an opportunity to discuss with you issues raised by this proposed venture".
A writer for Wired News
has questioned whether Charter users can really opt-out of being monitored, or if they will only be able to opt-out of receiving targeted ads. The same writer has asked if it would breach anti-wiretapping laws.
An engineer who has examined the system confirms there is no way to Opt-Out of the monitoring. All of the inbound and outbound information is intercepted and sent to NebuAd's offsite server to be processed. Even if a user has opted out of the service, it does not prevent the ISP from sending the data to NebuAd.
and Public Knowledge
, shows that NebuAd's devices create cookies on end-users machines by injecting a specious packet into the end of the data stream returned in response to some web page requests submitted to major search engines Google and Yahoo. The content of this specious packet, which will be added to the end of the web page when it is rendered by the end-user's browser, contains HTML Script tags which cause the browser to request Javascript from http://a.faireagle.com.
whose products and history suggest such tactics, and by the following:
In 2007 it was reported that Redmoon, a Texas based ISP was using a NebuAd technology to inject Redmoon's own advertising into pages visited by its users. The "Fair Eagle" advertisement hardware, provided by NebuAd, inserted additional advertising alongside the content of web pages. The ads featured a window with the "Fair Eagle" title bar. The injected ads stopped appearing toward the end of June, 2007.
(formerly, the Gator Corporation), famous for ad software known as Gator. Both Claria and NebuAd are located in Redwood City, California. The June 2006 creation of nebuad.com coincides with timing of Claria's decision to shutdown the Gator service. NebuAd has repeatedly denied any corporate connection to Claria, describing its hiring of Claria employees as a result of that company shedding employees in a tight market for experienced advertising sales staff in the Valley.
The following ISPs are listed in legal documents
related to the class action notice (see below) as having deployed NebuAd hardware:
All ISPs have ended or suspended their relationship with NebuAd.
, PubMatic, Plaxo
, Red Aril
, AdChemy, Zscaler
, Crescendo Networks
and TeleNav.
Online advertising
Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web to deliver marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads on search engine results pages, banner ads, blogs, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, interstitial...
company based in Redwood City, California
Redwood City, California
Redwood City is a California charter city located on the San Francisco Peninsula in Northern California, approximately 27 miles south of San Francisco, and 24 miles north of San Jose. Redwood City's history spans from its earliest inhabitation by the Ohlone people, to its tradition as a port for...
, with offices in New York and London and was funded by the investment companies Sierra Ventures and Menlo Ventures
Menlo Ventures
Menlo Ventures is a venture capital firm located at 3000 Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California.The firm was founded as one of the earliest venture capital firms in Silicon Valley in 1976 and provides provides technology venture capital funding for seed, early stage and growth companies...
.
It was one of several companies developing behavioral targeting
Behavioral targeting
Behavioral targeting is a technique used by online publishers and advertisers to increase the effectiveness of their campaigns.Behavioral targeting uses information collected on an individual's web-browsing behavior, such as the pages they have visited or the searches they have made, to select...
advertising systems, seeking deals with ISPs
Internet service provider
An Internet service provider is a company that provides access to the Internet. Access ISPs directly connect customers to the Internet using copper wires, wireless or fiber-optic connections. Hosting ISPs lease server space for smaller businesses and host other people servers...
to enable them to analyse customer's websurfing habits in order to provide them with more relevant, micro-targeted advertising.. Phorm
Phorm
Phorm, formerly known as 121Media, is a Delaware, United States-based digital technology company known for its advertising software. Founded in 2002, the company originally distributed programs that were considered spyware, from which they made millions of dollars in revenue...
is a similar company operating out of Europe. Adzilla and Project Rialto also appear to be developing similar systems.
At one point, NebuAd had signed up more than 30 customers, mostly Internet access providers, its agreements with providers covering 10 percent of the broadband users in America. Due to fallout following public and Congressional concern, NebuAd's largest ISP customers have all pulled out. NebuAd closed for business in the UK in August 2008, followed by the US in May 2009 . NebuAd UK Ltd was dissolved in February 2010.
Overview of the service
NebuAd's solution has three main parts: Hardware hosted within the ISP that is capable of inserting content into pages, an off-site server complex to analyze and categorize the contents of users' Internet communications, and relationships with advertising networks willing to present NebuAd's targeted advertising.The System works by installing a hardware device inside an ISP network. Each device can monitor up to 50,000 users. Users can "opt-out" of NebuAd’s information collection and targeted ads, but there is no way for users to prevent ISPs from sending the data to NebuAd in the first place.
Because ISPs route all of their customers' traffic, it is a perfect vantage point from which to monitor all the traffic to and from a consumer using Deep packet inspection
Deep packet inspection
Deep Packet Inspection is a form of computer network packet filtering that examines the data part of a packet as it passes an inspection point, searching for protocol non-compliance, viruses, spam, intrusions or predefined criteria to decide if the packet can...
(DPI). By analyzing this traffic, NebuAd says it gains more information about customers' particular interests than less intrusive methods can provide. NebuAd's privacy policy says that they will "specifically not store or use any information relating to confidential medical information, racial or ethnic origins, religious beliefs, or sexuality which are tied to personally identifiable information ('sensitive personal information')." It also advises, "The information we collect is stored and processed on NebuAd's servers in the United States. As a result, that information may be subject to access requests by governments, courts or law enforcement."
At least two customers of a Middle America ISP known as WOW! noticed that when they used Google, unexpected cookies for sites such as nebuad.adjuggler.com were being read and written, but when they contacted WOW's support department, WOW initially denied that it was responsible for this activity. One customer spent hours trying to disinfect his machine as he wrongly believed that it had been infected with spyware after noticing problems with Google loading slowly and the creation of these non-Google cookies, eventually resorted to reinstalling his machine from scratch, only to discover the problem had not gone away.
On July 9, 2008 WOW! suspended the use of Nebuad services to its subscribers.
According to Nebuad's sales, less than 1% of users opt-out. One ISP expects to earn at least $2.50 per month for each user.
Nebuad buy impressions from ad networks including Valueclick.
NebuAd argues that behavioral targeting enriches the Internet on several fronts. Firstly, website owners are offered an improved click-through rate (CTR), which could increase profits or reduce the amount of page-space dedicated to advertising. Owners of previously thought ad-unfriendly websites are offered a chance to make money not on the subject matter of their website but on the interests of their visitors.
Advertisers are offered better targeted adverts, hence reducing the "scattergun approach" (publish as many ads as possible in the hope of catching a client) and users are offered more relevant adverts: Just because one visits the financial pages of a newspaper does not mean all they are interested in is financial product and books on investing.
ISPs were paid for allowing NebuAd access to their network on a per-user per-active profile basis.
Nebuad uses data such as Web search terms, page views, page and ad clicks, time spent on specific sites, zip code, browser info and connection speed to categorise its user's interests. Nebuad does not have access to user identification information from the ISP, but may be able to discover this through traffic monitoring (for example, email traffic may tie an email address to an ip address). Bob Dykes, NebuAd CEO claims "We have 800 [consumer interest segments] today and we're expanding that to multiple thousands".
Controversies
Generally, NebuAd provided an additional income stream to network operators, which may maintain or lower consumers' Internet access bills. Better targeted advertising also leads to more relevant and personalized online advertising. Critics believe that the raw content of their internet communications are entrusted to the ISP for handling without being inspected or modified, not for sale. Privacy advocates criticize the lack of disclosure that some ISPs provided prior to using NebuAd, a weak opt-out method, the lack of oversight over what any third-party company does with the contents of Internet communications, its conflicts with United States wiretap laws, and the company's refusal to name its partner ISPs.Consumer Notification
A large American cable operator, WOW! (formerly Wide Open West) started rolling out Nebuad in February 2008, the roll out was completed in the first week of March 2008. WOW updated its terms and conditions to include a mention of Nebuad, and in some cases informed customers that the terms had been updated. Customers were not explicitly notified about NebuAd until later, sometime after the third week of March 2008.In response to an inquiry from members of the United States House of Representatives Telecommunications Subcommittee about its pilot test of NebuAd's services, Embarq
Embarq
Embarq Corporation was the largest independent local exchange carrier in the United States , serving customers in 18 states and providing local, long distance, high-speed data and wireless services to residential and business customers...
said that it notified consumers by revising its privacy policy two weeks prior to sending its users' data streams to NebuAd.
A Knology
Knology
Knology Inc. is a cable company that formed in 1994 by ITC Holding Company, Inc, a telecommunications holding company in West Point, Georgia that also founded Internet service provider Mindspring. In late 1994, shortly after Knology's inception, two employees made a $600,000 investment to make...
user in Knoxville, Tennessee reports that she also was not notified that she was being monitored.
In May 2008, Charter Communications
Charter Communications
Charter Communications is an American company providing cable television, high-speed Internet, and telephone services to more than 4.7 million customers in 25 states. By revenues, it is the fourth-largest cable operator in the United States, behind Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Cox Communications...
announced that it planned to monitor websites visited by its customers via a partnership with NebuAd.
But after customers voiced their concerns, Charter changed its mind in June.
Friction between ISP Staff and Management
Plans to implement NebuAd had not gone down well with some ISP's employees, and one employee was planning to re-route his traffic to avoid NebuAd's Deep Packet Inspection hardware.Opt-Out vs. Opt-In
Members of US Congress, Ed MarkeyEd Markey
Edward John "Ed" Markey is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1976. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district includes most of Boston's northern and western suburbs, such as Medford and Framingham. Markey is the Dean of both the Massachusetts and New England House delegations...
, chairman of the House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, and Joe Barton
Joe Barton
Joseph Linus "Joe" Barton is a Republican politician, representing in the U.S. House of Representatives since 1985, and a member of the Tea Party Caucus...
, a ranking member of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, have argued that such services must be opt-in only to comply with the provisions laid down by Section 631 of the US Communications Act, and have written to Charter requesting they suspend the test "We respectfully request that you do not move forward on Charter Communications' proposed venture with NebuAd until we have an opportunity to discuss with you issues raised by this proposed venture".
A writer for Wired News
Wired News
Wired News is an online technology news website, formerly known as HotWired, that split off from Wired magazine when the magazine was purchased by Condé Nast Publishing in the 1990s. Wired News was owned by Lycos not long after the split, until Condé Nast purchased Wired News on July 11, 2006...
has questioned whether Charter users can really opt-out of being monitored, or if they will only be able to opt-out of receiving targeted ads. The same writer has asked if it would breach anti-wiretapping laws.
An engineer who has examined the system confirms there is no way to Opt-Out of the monitoring. All of the inbound and outbound information is intercepted and sent to NebuAd's offsite server to be processed. Even if a user has opted out of the service, it does not prevent the ISP from sending the data to NebuAd.
Use of Packet Forgery and Browser Exploits
A report by Robert M. Topolski, chief technology consultant of the Free PressFree Press (organization)
Free Press is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, national organization working to reform the media in the United States.It was founded in 2002 by media scholar Robert W. McChesney, The Nation contributor John Nichols, and Josh Silver, current CEO of the Democracy Fund, a foundation challenging the influence...
and Public Knowledge
Public Knowledge
Public Knowledge is a non-profit Washington, D.C.-based public interest group that is involved in intellectual property law, competition, and choice in the digital marketplace, and an open standards/end-to-end internet....
, shows that NebuAd's devices create cookies on end-users machines by injecting a specious packet into the end of the data stream returned in response to some web page requests submitted to major search engines Google and Yahoo. The content of this specious packet, which will be added to the end of the web page when it is rendered by the end-user's browser, contains HTML Script tags which cause the browser to request Javascript from http://a.faireagle.com.
Superimposing or Adding Advertising to Web Pages
Critics are concerned that NebuAd superimposes its own advertising over the ads of other advertisers, or places additional advertising to page. These concerns can be traced to the company's "Fair Eagle" operation, patent application data that mention such inventions, and a loose relationship to Claria CorporationClaria Corporation
Claria Corporation was a software company based in Redwood City, California with products many considered spyware. It was established in 1998 by Denis Coleman. Its name was often used interchangeably with its Gain advertising network, which it claimed serviced over 40 million users...
whose products and history suggest such tactics, and by the following:
In 2007 it was reported that Redmoon, a Texas based ISP was using a NebuAd technology to inject Redmoon's own advertising into pages visited by its users. The "Fair Eagle" advertisement hardware, provided by NebuAd, inserted additional advertising alongside the content of web pages. The ads featured a window with the "Fair Eagle" title bar. The injected ads stopped appearing toward the end of June, 2007.
Relationship with Claria Corporation
Some senior staff members of NebuAd used to work at ad company Claria CorporationClaria Corporation
Claria Corporation was a software company based in Redwood City, California with products many considered spyware. It was established in 1998 by Denis Coleman. Its name was often used interchangeably with its Gain advertising network, which it claimed serviced over 40 million users...
(formerly, the Gator Corporation), famous for ad software known as Gator. Both Claria and NebuAd are located in Redwood City, California. The June 2006 creation of nebuad.com coincides with timing of Claria's decision to shutdown the Gator service. NebuAd has repeatedly denied any corporate connection to Claria, describing its hiring of Claria employees as a result of that company shedding employees in a tight market for experienced advertising sales staff in the Valley.
| Name | Relationship to NebuAd | Relationship to Claria |
|---|---|---|
| Scott Tavenner | Vice President of Business Development | Vice President of Business Development |
| Chuck Gilbert | Senior Product Manager | Senior Product Manager |
| Mike Miller | Vice President of Ad Sales | Director of Sales |
| Amy Auranicky | Director of Advertising Sales | Integration Manager |
| Jeanne Houwelingis | Vice President of Advertising Services | Senior Director of Business Development |
| Deepak Nair | Business Intelligence | Database Developer & Data Architect |
| Melissa Horwath | Marketing Consultant | Associate Marketing Manager |
| D. Reed Freeman of Kelley Drye & Warren LLC | Attorney for NebuAd before the Federal Trade Commission Federal Trade Commission The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act... |
Chief Privacy Officer and Regulatory Affairs Counsel |
NebuAd's ISP Partners
ISPs which trialled or deployed or prepared to deploy Nebuad included:- Broadstripe (formerly and formally Millennium Digital Media),
- Decaturnet Internet Services,
- Eastern Oregon Net, Inc. (EONI),
- High Speed Networks -E50 (HSNe50),
- Metro Provider,
- OnlyInternet.Net,
- Progressive Internet Services (Jayco.Net),
- RTC on Line (Rochester Telephone Company, Indiana),
- 20/20 Communications (2020comm.net)
The following ISPs are listed in legal documents
related to the class action notice (see below) as having deployed NebuAd hardware:
- AllCities
- Annapolis Wireless Internet
- AzulStar, Inc.
- Bresnan Communications, LLC
- Cable One, Inc.
- Casco Communications/Peak Internet
- Cavalier Broadband, LLC
- CenturyTel, Inc.; CenturyTel Broadband
- Services, LLC; CenturyTel Service Group, LLC
- CMS Internet LLC
- Eastern Oregon Network, Inc.
- Education Networks of America (ENA)
- Embarq Management Co.; United Telephone
- Co. of Eastern Kansas
- Fire2Wire
- Galaxy Internet Services
- Grande Communications
- High Speed Data Inc.
- 20/20 Communications
- iBahn General Holdings
- Knology, Inc.
- Mesa Networks, Inc.
- Millennium Digital Media Systems/Broadstripe
- Network Evolution, Inc.
- Nexicom Inc.
- Ricochet Networks, Inc.
- Rochester Telephone Company, Inc.
- Softcom Internet Communications
- United Online/NetZero
- Unplugged Cities
- WideOpen West Finance, LLC (WOW)
All ISPs have ended or suspended their relationship with NebuAd.
- Charter CommunicationsCharter CommunicationsCharter Communications is an American company providing cable television, high-speed Internet, and telephone services to more than 4.7 million customers in 25 states. By revenues, it is the fourth-largest cable operator in the United States, behind Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Cox Communications...
suspended its plans to test NebuAd following scrutiny from lawmakers and privacy groups. - An EmbarqEmbarqEmbarq Corporation was the largest independent local exchange carrier in the United States , serving customers in 18 states and providing local, long distance, high-speed data and wireless services to residential and business customers...
spokesperson told the Associated Press that it ended its trial with NebuAd, and has not decided whether to move forward with Behavioral Targeting advertising "either through NebuAd or with any other vendor". - CenturyTel, one of the earliest known ISPs to test NebuAd, notified customers in late May 2008 that it was deploying the hardware, only to pull out of the deal alongside of Charter a month later.
- Bresnan CommunicationsBresnan CommunicationsOptimum West is a division of Cablevision that operates in the Rocky Mountain area, servicing Montana, Wyoming, Utah and Colorado. It offers digital cable, high speed internet, and digital voice services to over 300,000 subscribers....
used the NebuAd technology. Following the announcements by Charter, Embarq, and CenturyTel that they would no longer use NebuAd on their networks, Bresnan told a blogger that their NebuAd trial had ended and they would comply with whatever regulatory model emerges from the current debate.. - Web cacheWeb cacheA web cache is a mechanism for the temporary storage of web documents, such as HTML pages and images, to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag...
evidence indicated that Blackfoot Telecommunications Group, Inc. of Missoula, MontanaMissoula, MontanaMissoula is a city located in western Montana and is the county seat of Missoula County. The 2010 Census put the population of Missoula at 66,788 and the population of Missoula County at 109,299. Missoula is the principal city of the Missoula Metropolitan Area...
appeared to have tried NebuAd between March and May 2008. Blackfoot's Mary Worden later explained, "Blackfoot tested NebuAd on its internal corporate network, with employees only and not with its customers, in March 2008, but had similar concerns to those raised by consumer groups and elected not to launch the service." - Nexicom, serving Central Ontario and the Kawarthas, Canada, notified users via its Privacy Policy page that it was using NebuAd as of April 23, 2008. Following a question to users on a public forum, Nexicom's Paul Stewart replied, "Nexicom was investigating using the NebuAd service. The software was never implemented at any time as there were concerns on several levels regarding privacy issues. References to NebuAd in Nexicom's Privacy Policy has been removed."
- WOW! (formerly Wide Open West) completed suspension of NebuAd services on July 9. In a response to customer inquiries, WOW! indicated, "With Congress in active review of online behavioral advertising, WOW! Internet- Cable- Phone is suspending its deployment of NebuAd services to our subscribers at this time. We believe that all parties are best served by a thoughtful and thorough review of this emerging advertising model, and we welcome the opportunity for that discussion to take place."
- KnologyKnologyKnology Inc. is a cable company that formed in 1994 by ITC Holding Company, Inc, a telecommunications holding company in West Point, Georgia that also founded Internet service provider Mindspring. In late 1994, shortly after Knology's inception, two employees made a $600,000 investment to make...
reported to the United States House Committee on Energy and CommerceUnited States House Committee on Energy and CommerceThe Committee on Energy and Commerce is one of the oldest standing committees of the United States House of Representatives. Established in 1795, it has operated continuously—with various name changes and jurisdictional changes—for more than 200 years...
that it discontinued a trial of NebuAd in all markets as of July 14, 2008. - Unbenownst to its users, Cable OneCable OneCable ONE is a United States cable service provider and subsidiary of The Washington Post Company, functioning as its own self-contained corporation within its parent company. The company's name and current focus dates back to 1997; prior to that time the company was known as Post-Newsweek Cable...
conducted NebuAd tests on 14,000 customers in Alabama for six months beginning in November 2007. As of August 2008, Cable One had decided against using the technology "commercially" on its systems but in September said it was waiting for "clear rules and boundaries".
The End of NebuAd
NebuAd was closed down in the UK in August 2008 and in the US in May 2009. Ex-employees moved to work within a variety of other online advertising and technology companies, including VeriFoneVeriFone
VeriFone is a company that makes point-of-sale equipment. It was founded and incorporated in Hawaii in 1981, and named itself after its first product, the name standing for Verification telephone....
, PubMatic, Plaxo
Plaxo
Plaxo is an online address book and social networking service originally founded by Sean Parker, Minh Nguyen and two Stanford engineering students, Todd Masonis and Cameron Ring...
, Red Aril
Red Aril
Red Aril is an American advertising technology company founded in 2009. It provides a data management and advertising optimisation platform designed to handle multiple data sources and create anonymous user segments in real-time. The platform also performs dynamic media buying and campaign...
, AdChemy, Zscaler
Zscaler
Zscaler, launched on August 4, 2008, provides an in-the-cloud security service for web traffic. The service offers SaaS protection against malware and enforce policies for outbound web traffic. The company was founded by Jay Chaudhry, a security industry veteran and K. Kailash, former chief...
, Crescendo Networks
Crescendo Networks
Crescendo Networks, Ltd. was a privately held computer networking company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California with regional offices in EMEA and APAC...
and TeleNav.