Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment
Encyclopedia
The Multipurpose Applied Physics Lattice Experiment (MAPLE) dedicated isotope-production facility was a project jointly undertaken by AECL
and MDS Nordion
. It was intended to include two identical reactors, as well as the isotope-processing facilities necessary to produce a large portion of the world's medical isotopes, especially Molybdenum-99, medical Cobalt-60, Xenon-133, Iodine-131 and Iodine-125. An operational license for the MAPLE 1 reactor was granted in 1999, and the reactor went critical for the first time soon after. However, problems with the reactor, most notably a positive power co-efficient of reactivity
, led to the cancellation of the project in 2008.
reactor in 1947, AECL
's Chalk River Laboratories
possessed the world's most powerful research reactor. While the large neutron fluxes available in the reactor led to advances in such fields as condensed matter physics
and neutron spectroscopy, many experiments were carried out involving the production of new isotopes. The field of nuclear medicine
developed when it was realized that some of these artificially created isotopes could be used to diagnose and treat many diseases, especially cancers.
Pioneering medical work done in the late 40's and early 50's established Cobalt-60
as a useful isotope, as the relatively high-energy gamma rays produced when it undergoes beta decay
are able to penetrate the skin of the patient, and deliver a greater portion of the dose directly to the tumor. The high neutron efficiency of the NRX's heavy water
-moderated design, coupled with the high neutron flux of the reactor, made it relatively inexpensive for AECL to produce medical-grade Cobalt 60. For example, the cost of the entire unit used to perform the first Cobalt-60 treatment was about $50,000. By way of contrast, it would cost $50,000,000 just to produce enough radium
(which had been previously used as a therapy source) to perform the same procedure.
With this promising start, AECL came to be a major world supplier of medical isotopes, using both the NRX
reactor, and the NRU
reactor, which came on-line in 1957. However, as these reactors began to age, it became clear that a new facility would be needed to continue the production of medical isotopes.
in 1992, and the planned closing of the NRU
early in the new millennium. As a result, it was decided to build a new facility dedicated to the production of medical isotopes on-site at Chalk River Laboratories. As the result of an understanding between AECL and its daughter company, MDS Nordion, that such a facility was required when Nordion was spun off in 1991, design work for the reactor was undertaken during the first half of the decade.
The design that resulted involved a facility with two identical reactors, each capable of supplying 100% of the world's medical isotope demand. The second reactor would function primarily as a back-up, to ensure that the supply of isotopes would not be interrupted by maintenance, or unplanned shutdowns. This is made necessary by the nature of medical isotopes; many have short half-lives, and must be used within a few days of production. With treatments being constantly carried out around the globe, an uninterruptible supply was essential.
A formal agreement was signed to begin the project in August, 1996. Following a year-long environmental assessment, construction began in December, 1997.
There has been some local opposition to the use of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) in the reactor, as well as from activists in the United States who fear that the uranium could be stolen by terrorists and used to fabricate a bomb.
(PCR), which was in disagreement with the prediction of the modelling, and was a significant barrier to commissioning.
Consequently significant efforts were made to resolve the outstanding issues, but progress towards commissioning the reactors was markedly slowed. During the subsequent eight-year-long delay in the start of commercial production, the project significantly overran its budgeted cost. Disputes over responsibility for the overruns between AECL
and MDS Nordion added a further layer of complexity to the process. After considerable negotiation, AECL assumed full responsibility for the reactor in a settlement.
The MAPLE facility was granted an extension on its operating license on October 25, 2007, which would permit operations until October 31, 2011. This (final) submission envisioned that the MAPLE 1 reactor would be operational in late 2008. However, on May 16, 2008, AECL released a statement announcing that the MAPLE program had been terminated, as it had become "no longer feasible to complete the commissioning and start-up of the reactors". In this statement, AECL indicated that they would move to further extend the licence of the operating NRU
reactor to continue the production of medical isotopes. The statement left unclear what long-term direction AECL would take for its medical isotope production business.
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited or AECL is a Canadian federal Crown corporation and Canada's largest nuclear science and technology laboratory...
and MDS Nordion
MDS Inc.
Nordion Inc. is a global specialty health science company that provides products used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease. The company supplies medical isotopes, targeted therapies and sterilization technologies to more than 60 countries around the world.Nordion is headquartered...
. It was intended to include two identical reactors, as well as the isotope-processing facilities necessary to produce a large portion of the world's medical isotopes, especially Molybdenum-99, medical Cobalt-60, Xenon-133, Iodine-131 and Iodine-125. An operational license for the MAPLE 1 reactor was granted in 1999, and the reactor went critical for the first time soon after. However, problems with the reactor, most notably a positive power co-efficient of reactivity
Nuclear chain reaction
A nuclear chain reaction occurs when one nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more nuclear reactions, thus leading to a self-propagating number of these reactions. The specific nuclear reaction may be the fission of heavy isotopes or the fusion of light isotopes...
, led to the cancellation of the project in 2008.
Background
With the completion of the NRXNRX
NRX was a heavy water moderated, light water cooled, nuclear research reactor at the Canadian Chalk River Laboratories, which came into operation in 1947 at a design power rating of 10 MW , increasing to 42 MW by 1954...
reactor in 1947, AECL
AECL
AECL is an acronym that can stand for:*Advanced Electronics Company Limited*Atomic Energy of Canada Limited*Australian Egg Corporation Limited...
's Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River Laboratories
The Chalk River Laboratories is a Canadian nuclear research facility located near Chalk River, about north-west of Ottawa in the province of Ontario.CRL is a site of major research and development to support and advance nuclear technology, in particular CANDU reactor...
possessed the world's most powerful research reactor. While the large neutron fluxes available in the reactor led to advances in such fields as condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. These properties appear when a number of atoms at the supramolecular and macromolecular scale interact strongly and adhere to each other or are otherwise highly concentrated in a system. The most familiar...
and neutron spectroscopy, many experiments were carried out involving the production of new isotopes. The field of nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine
In nuclear medicine procedures, elemental radionuclides are combined with other elements to form chemical compounds, or else combined with existing pharmaceutical compounds, to form radiopharmaceuticals. These radiopharmaceuticals, once administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs...
developed when it was realized that some of these artificially created isotopes could be used to diagnose and treat many diseases, especially cancers.
Pioneering medical work done in the late 40's and early 50's established Cobalt-60
Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal....
as a useful isotope, as the relatively high-energy gamma rays produced when it undergoes beta decay
Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a...
are able to penetrate the skin of the patient, and deliver a greater portion of the dose directly to the tumor. The high neutron efficiency of the NRX's heavy water
Heavy water
Heavy water is water highly enriched in the hydrogen isotope deuterium; e.g., heavy water used in CANDU reactors is 99.75% enriched by hydrogen atom-fraction...
-moderated design, coupled with the high neutron flux of the reactor, made it relatively inexpensive for AECL to produce medical-grade Cobalt 60. For example, the cost of the entire unit used to perform the first Cobalt-60 treatment was about $50,000. By way of contrast, it would cost $50,000,000 just to produce enough radium
Radium
Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,...
(which had been previously used as a therapy source) to perform the same procedure.
With this promising start, AECL came to be a major world supplier of medical isotopes, using both the NRX
NRX
NRX was a heavy water moderated, light water cooled, nuclear research reactor at the Canadian Chalk River Laboratories, which came into operation in 1947 at a design power rating of 10 MW , increasing to 42 MW by 1954...
reactor, and the NRU
National Research Universal Reactor
The National Research Universal reactor, located in Chalk River, Ontario, is one of Canada’s national science facilities. It is a multipurpose science facility that serves three main roles....
reactor, which came on-line in 1957. However, as these reactors began to age, it became clear that a new facility would be needed to continue the production of medical isotopes.
Beginnings
In the late 80's, AECL began to acknowledge that continued isotope production would require the construction of a new reactor to replace capacity lost by the closing of the NRXNRX
NRX was a heavy water moderated, light water cooled, nuclear research reactor at the Canadian Chalk River Laboratories, which came into operation in 1947 at a design power rating of 10 MW , increasing to 42 MW by 1954...
in 1992, and the planned closing of the NRU
National Research Universal Reactor
The National Research Universal reactor, located in Chalk River, Ontario, is one of Canada’s national science facilities. It is a multipurpose science facility that serves three main roles....
early in the new millennium. As a result, it was decided to build a new facility dedicated to the production of medical isotopes on-site at Chalk River Laboratories. As the result of an understanding between AECL and its daughter company, MDS Nordion, that such a facility was required when Nordion was spun off in 1991, design work for the reactor was undertaken during the first half of the decade.
The design that resulted involved a facility with two identical reactors, each capable of supplying 100% of the world's medical isotope demand. The second reactor would function primarily as a back-up, to ensure that the supply of isotopes would not be interrupted by maintenance, or unplanned shutdowns. This is made necessary by the nature of medical isotopes; many have short half-lives, and must be used within a few days of production. With treatments being constantly carried out around the globe, an uninterruptible supply was essential.
A formal agreement was signed to begin the project in August, 1996. Following a year-long environmental assessment, construction began in December, 1997.
There has been some local opposition to the use of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) in the reactor, as well as from activists in the United States who fear that the uranium could be stolen by terrorists and used to fabricate a bomb.
Current status
Construction of the two reactors was completed by May 2000. An operational license was granted in August 1999 for the MAPLE I reactor, and extended to include the MAPLE II reactor in June 2000. Commissioning testing was begun immediately, with the MAPLE I achieving its first sustained reaction in February 2000, and MAPLE II following in October 2003. However, during testing, it was noted that some of the emergency shut-off rods in the MAPLE I reactor could fail to deploy in certain demanding situations. This failure was ascribed to workmanship and design issues, and related to fine metal particles accumulating in the control rods' housing and interfering with their free movement. In addition, testing found that the reactors have a positive power co-efficient of reactivityNuclear chain reaction
A nuclear chain reaction occurs when one nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more nuclear reactions, thus leading to a self-propagating number of these reactions. The specific nuclear reaction may be the fission of heavy isotopes or the fusion of light isotopes...
(PCR), which was in disagreement with the prediction of the modelling, and was a significant barrier to commissioning.
Consequently significant efforts were made to resolve the outstanding issues, but progress towards commissioning the reactors was markedly slowed. During the subsequent eight-year-long delay in the start of commercial production, the project significantly overran its budgeted cost. Disputes over responsibility for the overruns between AECL
AECL
AECL is an acronym that can stand for:*Advanced Electronics Company Limited*Atomic Energy of Canada Limited*Australian Egg Corporation Limited...
and MDS Nordion added a further layer of complexity to the process. After considerable negotiation, AECL assumed full responsibility for the reactor in a settlement.
The MAPLE facility was granted an extension on its operating license on October 25, 2007, which would permit operations until October 31, 2011. This (final) submission envisioned that the MAPLE 1 reactor would be operational in late 2008. However, on May 16, 2008, AECL released a statement announcing that the MAPLE program had been terminated, as it had become "no longer feasible to complete the commissioning and start-up of the reactors". In this statement, AECL indicated that they would move to further extend the licence of the operating NRU
National Research Universal Reactor
The National Research Universal reactor, located in Chalk River, Ontario, is one of Canada’s national science facilities. It is a multipurpose science facility that serves three main roles....
reactor to continue the production of medical isotopes. The statement left unclear what long-term direction AECL would take for its medical isotope production business.
External links
- Article on early cobalt therapy
- http://www.aecl.ca/NewsRoom/News/Press-2008/080516.htm