Movie production incentives are offered on a state-by-state basis throughout the United States to encourage in-state film production. These incentives came about in the 1990s in response to the flight of movie productions to other countries such as Canada. Since then, states have offered increasingly competitive incentives to lure productions away from other states. The structure, type, and size of the incentives vary from state to state. Many include tax credits and exemptions, and other incentive packages include cash grants, fee-free locations, or other perks. Proponents of these programs point to increased economic activity and job creation as justification for the credits. Others argue that the cost of the incentives outweighs the benefits and say that the money goes primarily to out-of-state talent rather than in-state cast and crew members. Studies of the costs and benefits of incentive programs show different levels of effectiveness.

History

The development of movie production incentives stems from the perceived economic benefits of filmmaking

Filmmaking

Filmmaking is the process of making a film, from an initial story, idea, or commission, through scriptwriting, casting, shooting, directing, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result in a theatrical release or television program...

 and television production in the US. In 2010 revenues from television production in the US were estimated at $30.8 billion while revenues from movie and video production in the US were estimated at $29.7 billion in the same year.

As the TV and film industries grew through the 1990s, so did concern over runaway production

Runaway production

Runaway production is a term used by the American film industry to describe filmmaking and television productions that are "intended for initial release/exhibition or television broadcast in the U.S., but are actually filmed in another country."...

s, TV shows and films that are intended for a US audience but are filmed in other countries in order to reduce production costs. The issue of runaway productions gained further traction after Canada adopted a movie production incentive program in 1997.

Overall economic losses to the US due to runaway productions are difficult to measure, as the perceived economic benefit of film production could include benefits from tourism in the short and long-term, local job creation, and any number of other benefits. Most methods of measuring such economic benefit apply a multiplier to production costs in order to account for the lost opportunities from taxes not collected, jobs not created, and other revenues that are lost when a film is made outside of the US. A 1999 study by The Monitor Group estimated that in 1998 $10.3 billion was lost to the US economy due to runaway productions.

Also in the 1990s, U.S. states saw the opportunity to launch their own production incentives as an effort to capture some of the perceived economic benefits of film and TV production. Louisiana was the first state to do so in 1991, and in 2002 passed legislation to further increase the scope its incentives. Over the next three years Louisiana experienced an increase in film and television productions some of which were nominated for Emmy Awards. The perceived success of Louisiana's incentive program did not go unnoticed by other states, and by 2009 the number of states which offered incentives was 44, up from 5 in 2002. Critics have suggested that the increase in states offering incentives mirrors a race to the bottom

Race to the bottom

A race to the bottom is a socio-economic concept that is argued to occur between countries as an outcome of regulatory competition, progressive taxation policies and social welfare spending...

 or an arms race

Arms race

The term arms race, in its original usage, describes a competition between two or more parties for the best armed forces. Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation...

 because states continue to increase the scope of their incentive packages to compete on a national level to not only maximize their individual benefits but also to stay ahead of their competitors.

Types

• Movie Production Incentives (MPIs): "Movie Production Incentive" is an umbrella term referring to any incentive states offer filmmakers to encourage film production in-state.
• Tax Credits: Tax credits remove a portion of the income tax owed to the state by the production company. Production companies must often meet minimum spending requirements to be eligible for the credit. Of the 28 states that offer tax credits, 26 make them either transferable or refundable. Transferable credits allow production companies that generate tax credits greater than their tax liability to sell those credits to other taxpayers, who then use them to reduce or eliminate their own tax liability. Refundable credits are such that the state will pay the production company the balance in excess of the company's owed state tax.
• Cash Rebates: Cash rebates are paid to production companies directly by the state, usually as a percentage of the company's qualified expenses.
• Grant: Grants
  Grant (money)
  Grants are funds disbursed by one party , often a Government Department, Corporation, Foundation or Trust, to a recipient, often a nonprofit entity, educational institution, business or an individual. In order to receive a grant, some form of "Grant Writing" often referred to as either a proposal...
  
   are distributed to production companies by three states and the District of Columbia.
• Sales Tax Exemption & Lodging Exemption: Exemption from state sales taxes are offered to companies as an incentive. Many states offer exemption from lodging taxes to all guests staying over 30 days, but these incentives are highlighted for production companies.
• Fee-Free Locations: An additional incentive states offer is to allow production companies to use state-owned locations at no charge.

State-by-state

States offering movie production incentives by type as of December 2009

	MPIs	Tax credit	Cash rebate	Grant	Sales tax exemption	Lodging exemption	Fee-free Locations
Alabama	X	X			X	X
Alaska	X	X			(No tax)
Arizona	X	X			X
Arkansas	X		X
California	X	X			X	X	X
Colorado	X		X			X
Connecticut	X	X			X	X
Delaware					(No tax)
Florida	X		X		X
Georgia	X	X			X
Hawaii	X	X
Idaho	X		X		X	X
Illinois	X	X				X
Indiana	X	X				X
Iowa*	X	X				X	X
Kansas	X	X				X
Kentucky	X	X			X	X
Louisiana	X	X
Maine**	X		X		X	X	X
Maryland	X		X		X	X	X
Massachusetts	X	X			X
Michigan	X	X	X			X
Minnesota	X		X		X	X
Mississippi	X		X		X
Missouri	X	X
Montana	X	X			(No tax)	X
Nebraska						X
Nevada		(No tax)				X
New Hampshire		(No tax)			(No tax)
New Jersey	X	X			X	X
New Mexico	X	X			X	X
New York	X	X			X
North Carolina	X	X			X	X
North Dakota						X
Ohio	X	X				X
Oklahoma	X		X		X
Oregon	X		X		(No tax)	X
Pennsylvania	X	X				X	X
Rhode Island	X	X
South Carolina	X		X		X	X	X
South Dakota	X	(No tax)	X		X	X
Tennessee	X	X		X	X	X
Texas	X	(No tax)	X	X	X	X
Utah	X	X	X		X	X
Vermont					X	X
Virginia	X			X	X	X
Washington	X	(No tax)	X		X	X
West Virginia	X	X			X	X	X
Wisconsin	X	X			X
Wyoming	X	(No tax)	X			X
District of Columbia	X			X
Puerto Rico	X	X			X	X
Total states	44	28	17	3	28	33	6

 *As of November 24, 2009, Iowa has suspended new registration for incentives pending a criminal investigation into the handling of past film tax credits.

 **Maine's wage rebate is effectively a cash rebate and is considered as such in this table.

Pros

Proponents of production incentives for the film industry point to increases in job creation, small business and infrastructure development, the generation of tax revenue, and increased tourism as positive byproducts of the incentives. Supporters also maintain that MPIs are a net benefit to the states because they attract productions that would have gone elsewhere did they not exist and that they pay for themselves with the increased tax revenue that they foster.

In Louisiana, for instance, after the production incentive bill was passed in 2005, the industry grew from supporting 5,437 jobs and having $7.5 million in output in 2003 to supporting 18,882 jobs and producing $343.8 million in output in 2005. Similarly, according to comptroller Thomas DiNapoli, New York has seen a $7 billion influx into the state's economy between 2004, when the incentives were instituted, and 2008. During that same period, the number of motion picture, video production, and post-production jobs also rose by 14.2%.

Cons

Those who oppose movie production incentives offer arguments that refute those made by supporters of the programs.

• Movie production incentives do not necessarily result in the creation of jobs. Rather, the economic impact is that of a transfer of jobs from one location or state to another. Additionally, unless the state in question has a consistent stream of productions, the project-based nature of the film and television industry generates short-term jobs that eventually leave specialized laborers out of work.

• States have a tendency to use vague language and refer to successes in other states when advocating in support of production incentives. Critics maintain that information is selected to present positive results, and that states rely too heavily on perceived successes in other states without adequately considering how available resources within the state will impact their respective economies.

• States often incorrectly use economic measurements, such as a multiplier
  Multiplier (economics)
  In economics, the fiscal multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to the change in government spending that causes it. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to any autonomous change in spending In economics, the fiscal...
  
   or an increase in different types of tax revenue, to promote film tax credits. When comparing multipliers across different projects, movie production incentive multipliers tend to be smaller than those for other investment projects (e.g. nuclear power plant, hotels). Revenue from alternate taxes not covered under tax credit policies do not always cover the original cost of the given film tax incentives.

• Grants require films to pass sensitivity tests in order to ensure a state is seen in a positive light, which may lead to censorship issues.

• Politicians focus on immediate, short-term projects because it is politically easier to change these incentive policies. However, a focus on improving baseline tax policies to incentivize long-term private investment in industry would lead to higher levels of job creation, productivity and economic development.

Critics propose that unilateral or multilateral moratoriums and federal intervention be used to solve these economic inefficiencies.

State-by-state cost-benefit analysis

Some states have attempted to evaluate the economic impact of their movie production incentives to establish whether the benefits outweigh the costs.

Connecticut

In 2008, the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development released a report on the economic impacts of the state's film production tax incentive program. The report concludes the tax incentive program has a "modest" impact on the state's economy, returning $1.07 of real gross state product (RSGP) for every dollar spent (or tax revenue dollar foregone). The report also finds that the program in FY2007 stimulated $55.1 million in film production spending, generated $20.72 million in new RGSP, and created 395 full time equivalent (FTE) jobs.

An analyst at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston reached a different conclusion when reviewing the tax incentive program in 2009, finding that the program does not pay for itself and that the economic benefits are short-lived and easily lost if the program is discontinued.

In the face of 2011 budget shortfalls, Connecticut state legislators are considering ending the tax incentive program to balance the budget.

Massachusetts

In January 2011, the Massachusetts Department of Revenue released its third annual report detailing the impact of the state's film tax incentive program, specifically focusing on the productions and tax credits of 2009.

The report's key findings for 2009 showed:

• 86 productions generated $82.4 million in state tax credits.
• The film tax incentive program generated $10.4 million in new tax revenue, partially offsetting the cost of the tax credits.
• Productions spent $310 million in new spending attributable to the tax credit program.
• Accounting for production spending going to in-state people and businesses versus out-of-state people and businesses, the film tax credit program resulted in $32.6 million in new spending for the Massachusetts economy.
• The film tax incentive program generated additional Massachusetts state GDP of $168.5 million and personal income of $25.2 million.
• The cost to the state for the jobs created by the film tax credit program was $324,838/FTE job.

At a 2011 legislative hearing on the film tax credit program, policy analysts from Massachusetts think tanks criticized the film tax incentive program. Critics have also complained that much of the tax credit money goes to cover the pay of celebrity actors. Debate within state government over the value of the tax credits in the face of budget shortfalls led Governor Deval Patrick

Deval Patrick

Deval Laurdine Patrick is the 71st and current Governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served as an Assistant United States Attorney General under President Bill Clinton...

to attempt to cap the tax credit in 2010. Although this effort was not successful, some point to it as a reason for a decline in film productions in Massachusetts in recent years.

Michigan

A September 2010 report by the Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency detailed the economics underlying the state's incentive programs. In particular it found that:

• Michigan spent $37.5 million in FY2008-09 to generate $21.1 in private sector spending, and would go on to spend $100.0 million in FY2009-10 to generate $59.5 million.
• 2008 productions created 216 direct, full-time-equated (FTE) jobs, or 937.3 FTEs if indirect effects (via multipliers) are taken into account. The jobs came at an average cost of $186.519 and $42,991, respectively. Similarly, in 2009, 355.5 direct FTEs were created at an average cost of $193,333 or, again if indrect effects are considered, 1,542.3 FTEs were created at a cost of $44,561.
• Taken together, the report concludes that the net revenue impact on the state was a cost of $30.8 million in FY2008-09, $91.4 million in FY2009-10, $111.8 million in FY 2010–11, and likely to continue to increase over time.

Rhode Island

Supporters of the film tax credit in Rhode Island are urging state officials to maintain the program, pointing to a study showing the program created more than 4,000 jobs in the state between 2006–2009. Critics of the program say the ubiquity of incentives in most states have diminished Rhode Island's competitive advantage and that the funds would be better spent elsewhere.