Measure of Damages (under English law)
Encyclopedia
Damages for breach of contract
is a common law
remedy
, available as of right. It is designed to compensate the victim for their actual loss as a result of the wrongdoer’s breach rather than to punish the wrongdoer. If no loss has been occasioned by the plaintiff, only nominal damages will be awarded.
A victim will not necessarily recover every loss which flows from the breach by the defendant. In order to recover any damages, the losses suffered by the victim must be caused by the defendant, and not be too remote. Further, the plaintiff has a duty to mitigate his losses.
The most venerable type of extra-compensatory damages, long established in our common law jurisprudence, is nominal damages. Nominal damages are awarded where a legal wrong has been committed but no consequential loss has been caused. The purpose of the award is vindicatory – to mark the existence of the right in question and to mark the fact of its violation by the wrongdoer.
Source: Lord Scott
Breach of contract
Breach of contract is a legal cause of action in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance....
is a common law
Common law
Common law is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive branch action...
remedy
Legal remedy
A legal remedy is the means with which a court of law, usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction, enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes some other court order to impose its will....
, available as of right. It is designed to compensate the victim for their actual loss as a result of the wrongdoer’s breach rather than to punish the wrongdoer. If no loss has been occasioned by the plaintiff, only nominal damages will be awarded.
A victim will not necessarily recover every loss which flows from the breach by the defendant. In order to recover any damages, the losses suffered by the victim must be caused by the defendant, and not be too remote. Further, the plaintiff has a duty to mitigate his losses.
Amount of damages
The amount of damages a plaintiff would recover is usually measured at the ‘loss of bargain’ basis. For example,- Causation and Contributory Negligence
- Remoteness
- Timing of the assessment of damages
Duty to Mitigate
A plaintiff has a duty to mitigate damages and can not recover losses it could have avoided through reasonable efforts.Bases of Assessment
There are three bases of assessment.- Expectation Interest/Loss of Bargain. Expectation damages include:
- Benefit of bargain
- Lost profit
- Cost of cover
- Reliance Interest - interest created based on reliance on contract or promise.
- Restitutionary Interest
Damages Exceeding Loss: Extra-Compensatory Awards
Extra-compensatory damages:The most venerable type of extra-compensatory damages, long established in our common law jurisprudence, is nominal damages. Nominal damages are awarded where a legal wrong has been committed but no consequential loss has been caused. The purpose of the award is vindicatory – to mark the existence of the right in question and to mark the fact of its violation by the wrongdoer.
Source: Lord Scott
Special Classes of Damages
Other than pecuniary damages, which is the most common type of damages recovered, there are a few other recognizable types damages under English law:- Injured Feelings and Disappointment
- Injured Reputation
- Speculative Damages
- Liquidated Damages and Penalty
- Quantum Meruit
- Exemplary or Punitive Damages