In technical diving

Technical diving

Technical diving is a form of scuba diving that exceeds the scope of recreational diving...

 and nitrox diving, the maximum operating depth (MOD) of a breathing gas

Breathing gas

Breathing gas is a mixture of gaseous chemical elements and compounds used for respiration.Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas...

 is the depth at which the partial pressure

Partial pressure

In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture....

 of oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...

 (ppO₂) of the gas mix exceeds a safe limit. This safe limit varies depending on the diver training

Diver training

Diver training is the process of developing skills and building experience in the use of diving equipment and techniques so that the diver is able to dive safely and have fun....

 agency, the level of underwater exertion planned and the planned duration of the dive, but is normally in the range of 1.2 to 1.6 bar

Bar (unit)

The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...

.

The MOD is significant when planning dives using gases such as nitrox and trimix because the proportion of oxygen in the mix determines the maximum safe depth for breathing that gas. There is a risk of oxygen toxicity

Oxygen toxicity

Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at elevated partial pressures. It is also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, and oxygen poisoning...

 if the MOD is exceeded. The tables below show MODs for a selection of oxygen mixes. Note that 21% is the concentration of oxygen in normal air.

Safe limit of partial pressure of oxygen

The maximum single exposure limits recommended in the NOAA Diving Manual are 45 minutes at 1.6 bar

Bar (unit)

The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...

, 120 minutes at 1.5 bar, 150 minutes at 1.4 bar, 180 minutes at 1.3 bar and 210 minutes at 1.2 bar.

Formulas

To calculate the MOD for a specific ppO₂ and percentage of oxygen, the following formulas are used:

In feet

In which ppO₂ is the desired partial pressure in oxygen and the FO₂ is the decimal value of the fraction of oxygen in the mixture. For example, if a gas contains 36% oxygen and the maximum ppO₂ is 1.4 bar, the MOD (fsw) is 33 feet (10.1 m) x [(1.4 / 0.36) - 1] = 95.3 feet (29 m).

Note that the formula simply divides the total partial pressure of PURE oxygen which can be tolerated (expressed in bar or atmospheres) by the fraction of oxygen in the nitrox, to calculate to total atmospheres pressure this mix can be breathed at (obviously 50% nitrox can be breathed at twice the pressure of 100% oxygen, so divide by 0.5, etc.). Of this total pressure which can be tolerated by the diver, 1 atmosphere is due to the Earth's air, and the rest is due to depth in water. So the 1 atm for the air is subtracted out, to give the rest of the pressure added by water (in atmospheres). The remaining part in each formula merely converts pressure in atm produced by depth in water, to the depth. It does this by multiplying by the appropriate amount of depth to produce an atmosphere of pressure: 33 feet (10.1 m) of salt water (fsw) or 10 meters of salt water.

In metres

In which ppO₂ is the desired partial pressure in oxygen and the FO₂ is the decimal value of the fraction of oxygen in the mixture. For example, if a gas contains 36% oxygen and the maximum ppO₂ is 1.4 bar, the MOD (m) is 10 metres x [(1.4 / 0.36) - 1] = 28.9 metres.

MOD table in feet

Maximum Operating Depth (MOD) in feet of sea water for ppO2 1.2 to 1.6

MOD (fsw)		% oxygen
		3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36	39	42	45	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	100
Maximum ppO2 (bar)	1.6	1727	847	553	407	319	260	218	187	162	143	127	113	102	92	84	72	63	54	48	42	37	33	29	25	19
	1.5	1617	792	517	379	297	242	202	173	150	132	117	104	93	84	77	66	57	49	43	37	33	28	25	22	16
	1.4	1507	737	480	352	275	223	187	159	138	121	107	95	85	77	69	59	51	44	38	33	28	24	21	18	13
	1.3	1397	682	443	324	253	205	171	145	125	110	97	86	77	69	62	52	45	38	33	28	24	20	17	14	9
	1.2	1287	627	407	297	231	187	155	132	113	99	87	77	68	61	55	46	39	33	27	23	19	16	13	11	6

These depths are rounded down to the nearest foot.

MOD table in metres

Maximum Operating Depth (MOD) in metres of sea water for ppO2 1.2 to 1.6

MOD (msw)		% oxygen
		3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36	39	42	45	50	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	100
Maximum ppO2 (bar)	1.6	523.3	256.7	167.8	123.3	96.7	78.9	66.2	56.7	49.3	43.3	38.5	34.4	31.0	28.1	25.6	22.0	19.1	16.7	14.6	12.9	11.3	10.0	8.8	7.8	6.0
	1.5	490.0	240.0	156.7	115.0	90.0	73.3	61.4	52.5	45.6	40.0	35.5	31.7	28.5	25.7	23.3	20.0	17.3	15.0	13.1	11.4	10.0	8.8	7.6	6.7	5.0
	1.4	456.7	223.3	145.6	106.7	83.3	67.8	56.7	48.3	41.9	36.7	32.4	28.9	25.9	23.3	21.1	18.0	15.5	13.3	11.5	10.0	8.7	7.5	6.5	5.6	4.0
	1.3	423.3	206.7	134.4	98.3	76.7	62.2	51.9	44.2	38.1	33.3	29.4	26.1	23.3	21.0	18.9	16.0	13.6	11.7	10.0	8.6	7.3	6.3	5.3	4.4	3.0
	1.2	390.0	190.0	123.3	90.0	70.0	56.7	47.1	40.0	34.4	30.0	26.4	23.3	20.8	18.6	16.7	14.0	11.8	10.0	8.5	7.1	6.0	5.0	4.1	3.3	2.0