Masquerade is a verse play written in 1835 by the Russian Romantic

Romanticism

Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...

 writer Mikhail Lermontov

Mikhail Lermontov

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov , a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", became the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837. Lermontov is considered the supreme poet of Russian literature alongside Pushkin and the greatest...

. The four-act play, set in 1830's St. Petersburg aristocratic society, highlights the rebellious spirit and noble mind of the protagonist, Eugene Arbenin.

Plot

The hero of the drama, Arbenin, is a wealthy young man endowed with a rebellious spirit and a strong will. Born into high society, he strives in vain to gain independence and freedom. He lives by the laws of his society, and, in trying to defend his honor while blinded by jealousy and pride, ends up murdering his wife.

Act I

Act I opens with Arbenin and Prince Zvezdicha playing cards. From there the pair go to a masquerade party also being attended by Arbenin's wife, Nina. Zvezdicha flirts with a dissolute lady, a baroness who is a friend of Nina. But because of the masks Zvezdicha does not know who she is. The mystery lady gives Zvezdicha her bracelet as a memento - a bracelet that had once belonged to Nina. Arbenin later notices the bracelet missing from his wife's wrist, recalls it in Zvezdicha's possession, and concludes that his wife has been cheating on him with Zvezdicha.

Act II

In Act II, Nina meets with the baroness. Arbenin reads a letter addressed to Nina Zvezdichem, which leads him to further to believe that the woman behind the mask was his wife Nina. He becomes enraged, and is convinced that all St. Petersburg knows of his wife's disloyalty. Arbenin first resolves to stab Zvezdicha, but considering this a too mild punishment that would not restore his honor, he considers exacting a more thorough revenge on Zvezdicha and Nina.

Act III

In Act III, Arbenin mixes poison (which he had obtained years earlier after a financial setback, but never taken) into his wife's ice cream at a ball. The scene moves to the couple's bedroom, where Arbenin explains what he has done, and why. He loves her madly but, blinded by jealousy, is unable to hear the cries and protestations of innocence of his fatally poisoned wife.

Act IV

In Act IV, Nina is dead. Zvezdicha and a character called The Unknown come to Arbenin, both wanting revenge. They bring him a letter from the baroness proving Nina's innocence. Arbenin, realizing that he has murdered his beloved wife without cause, goes insane.

Conclusions

The audience is, however, led to the conclusion is that Arbenin is not the only guilty party in Nina's death. The baroness and other players, with motives of their own, did not always tell the truth, allowing Arbenin's delusion to continue or indeed abetting it. Thus the meaning of the play's title, "Masquerade", may be taken in more than one way.

The play contains several monologues which serve as standalone speeches.

First version

The play was written in 1835. The original version is a three-act play that ends with the death of Nina. Lermontov, hoping to see the play produced, presented it to the office of the literary censor, which at that time was under the chief of Section Three (the secret police)

Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery

The Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery was a secret department set up in Imperial Russia, inherited from Tayny Prikaz, Privy Chancellery and Specialty Chancellery, effectively serving as the Imperial regime's secret police for much of its existence. The organization was...

, Alexander von Benckendorff

Alexander von Benckendorff

Count Alexander von Benckendorff, was a Russian Infantry General and statesman, Adjutant General of the H. I. M. Retinue and a commander in the Patriotic War of 1812 best remembered for having established the Gendarmes in Russia....

. The censor did not approve the play, telling Lermontov that the passions displayed were too severe and that the play implied criticism of the masked balls held by the house of Engelhardt

Engelhardt family

Engelhardt is a Baltic-German Russian noble and baronial family. The family name is sometimes given as "von Engelhardt".-History:The legendary founder of the Engelhardt dynasty, Carl Bernhard Engelhardt , served as a knight in the Third Crusade, launched to liberate the Holy Sepulchre...

, an aristocratic family. The drama was returned to Lermontov for correction.

Second version

Wishing to avoid radical changes in the text, Lermontov added a fourth act and introduced a new character, The Unknown. This allowed Lermontov to show Arbenin being punished for his deeds.

Third version

Still the censor did not approve the play. Lermontov then undertook a major redaction of the play, including a title change from "Masquerade" to "Arbenin". But even in this crippled form, the play did not satisfy the censor, and the play was not produced in Lermontov's lifetime.

Perhaps the real reason that the play was not allowed to be staged is that it is based on a real incident. This is evidenced by the fact that Nina Nastasia is called Povlovna - only once in the entire play, but through all versions and alterations. This was presumably a hint to the audience.

The only version of the play that has survived is the second four-act one.

External links

• Text of the play
• "Five Editions of Masquerade" by Eichenbaum
• Stage history of Lermontov's "Masquerade"