A pronoun

Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun , such as, in English, the words it and he...

(заменка) is a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase, or things previously mentioned or understood from the context. These are words like јас 'I', мене 'me', себе 'himself, herself', ова 'this', кој 'who, which', некој 'somebody', никој 'nobody', сите 'all', секој 'everybody'.

Macedonian pronouns decline for case

Grammatical case

In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun is an inflectional form that indicates its grammatical function in a phrase, clause, or sentence. For example, a pronoun may play the role of subject , of direct object , or of possessor...

 ('падеж'), i.e., their function in a phrase as subject

Subject (grammar)

The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammars; the other constituent is the predicate. According to another tradition, i.e...

 (ex. јас 'I'), direct object (него 'him'), or object of a preposition (од неа 'from her').

Based on their meaning and the function in the sentence, pronouns are fall into in the following categories:

Types of pronouns	Examples
Demonstrative pronouns Demonstrative In linguistics, demonstratives are deictic words that indicate which entities a speaker refers to and distinguishes those entities from others...	ова (this), тоа (that), овде (here), таму (there)
Indefinite pronoun Indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to one or more unspecified beings, objects, or places.-List of English indefinite pronouns:Note that many of these words can function as other parts of speech too, depending on context... s	некој (somebody), нешто (something)
Interrogative pronouns Interrogative word In linguistics, an interrogative word is a function word used for the item interrupted in an information statement. Interrogative words are sometimes called wh-words because most of English interrogative words start with wh-...	кој (who), кого/кому (whom), што (what)
Personal pronoun Personal pronoun Personal pronouns are pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common nouns. All known languages contain personal pronouns.- English personal pronouns :English in common use today has seven personal pronouns:*first-person singular... s	јас (I), ти (you), тој (he), таа (she), она (it), ние (we)
Possessive pronoun Possessive pronoun A possessive pronoun is a part of speech that substitutes for a noun phrase that begins with a possessive determiner . For example, in the sentence These glasses are mine, not yours, the words mine and yours are possessive pronouns and stand for my glasses and your glasses, respectively... s	мој (my), твој (your), нејзин (her), негов (his), наш (our)
Relative pronoun Relative pronoun A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause within a larger sentence. It is called a relative pronoun because it relates the relative clause to the noun that it modifies. In English, the relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, whosever, whosesoever, which, and, in some... s	кој (which), што (that), чиј (whose)
Reflexive pronoun Reflexive pronoun A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent... and reciprocal pronoun Reciprocal pronoun The reciprocal pronouns in English are one another and each other. Together with the reflexive pronouns — myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves, and others — they are classified as anaphors.... s	себе (himself, herself), се (self)
Universal pronouns Indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to one or more unspecified beings, objects, or places.-List of English indefinite pronouns:Note that many of these words can function as other parts of speech too, depending on context...	сите (all), секој (everybody, each), сешто (everything), секаде (everywhere)

Formal and informal "you" pronouns

Use of ти (second-person singular

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....

 informal) is generally limited to friends and family, and is used among children. In formal usage only Вие (second-person singular formal) occurs; ти may be used among peers in a workplace, but it is rare in official documents. Вие should always be capitalized

Capitalization

Capitalization is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule and the remaining letters in minuscules . This of course only applies to those writing systems which have a case distinction...

 when used in this way as a sign of respect. Ти, used when referring to God

God

God is the English name given to a singular being in theistic and deistic religions who is either the sole deity in monotheism, or a single deity in polytheism....

, should also be capitalized.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Number	Person		Subject Nominative	Direct Complement Accusative		Indirect Complement
						no preposition Dative		preposition
				full	short	full	short possessive
Singular	First		јас	мене	ме	мене	ми	мене
	Second		ти	тебе	те	тебе	ти	тебе
	Third	Masculine	тој	него	го	нему	му	него
		Feminine	таа	неа	ја	нејзе	ѝ	неа
		Neuter	тоа	него	го	нему	му	него
Plural	First		ние	нас	нè	нам	ни	нас
	Second		вие	вас	ве	вам	ви	вас
	Third		тие	нив	ги	ним	им	нив

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns
Number	Person		Masculine		Feminine		Neuter		Plural		Short form
			indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
Singular	First		мој	мојот	моја	мојата	мое	моето	мои	моите	ми
	Second		твој	твојот	твоја	твојата	твое	твоето	твои	твоите	ти
	Third	Masculine	негов	неговиот	негова	неговата	негово	неговото	негови	неговите	му
		Feminine	нејзин	нејзниот	нејзина	нејзината	нејзино	нејзното	нејзини	нејзините	ѝ
		Neuter	негов	неговиот	негова	неговата	негово	неговото	негови	неговите	му
Plural	First		наш	нашиот	наша	нашата	наше	нашето	наши	нашите	ни
	Second		ваш	вашиот	ваша	вашата	ваше	вашето	ваши	вашите	ви
	Third		нивен/нивни	нивниот	нивна	нивната	нивно	нивното	нивни	нивните	им

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative word

In linguistics, an interrogative word is a function word used for the item interrupted in an information statement. Interrogative words are sometimes called wh-words because most of English interrogative words start with wh-...

(прашални заменки) refer to an unknown person

Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns...

, object

Object (grammar)

An object in grammar is part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. Basically, it is what or whom the verb is acting upon...

, quality or quantity and agree with the noun they denote in gender and number. Personal interrogative pronouns have two cases, nominative

Nominative case

The nominative case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments...

 and genitive

Genitive case

In grammar, genitive is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun...

. There are also accusative

Accusative case

The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions...

 and dative

Dative case

The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given, as in "George gave Jamie a drink"....

 forms: кого and кому, respectively. The more analytical construction на кого is an optional alternative for the dative form. They are also used with nonhuman beings (animals and objects). Quality interrogative pronouns are used for asking one to specify the word in question. They are translated in English as what/what kind of/what sort of.

Interrogative pronouns
Gender	Personal				For quality
	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
Masculine	кој (who)	кого (whom)	кому (на кого) (to whom)	чиј (whose)	каков
Feminine	која	кого	кому (на кого)	чија	каква
Neuter	кое	кого	кому (на кого)	чие	какво
Plural (all genders)	кои	кого	кому (на кого)	чии	какви

There is only one interrogative pronoun for quantity

Quantity

Quantity is a property that can exist as a magnitude or multitude. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more" or "less" or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement. Quantity is among the basic classes of things along with quality, substance, change, and relation...

 — колку and it is invariant for gender and number. It is used before plural nouns to ask about their quantity (then it is translated as how much/how many), and before an adjective

Adjective

In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified....

 or adverb

Adverb

An adverb is a part of speech that modifies verbs or any part of speech other than a noun . Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives , clauses, sentences, and other adverbs....

 to ask about the extent, degree

Comparative

In grammar, the comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another, and is used in this context with a subordinating conjunction, such as than,...

, age, etc., of something or somebody (translated as how).

Reflexive pronouns

Possessive reflexive pronouns
Full								Short
Masculine		Feminine		Neuter		Plural (all genders)
Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinte	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
свој	својот	своја	својата	свое	своето	свои	своите	си

Summative pronouns

Summative pronouns
Type	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural (all genders)
Personal	секој	секоја	секое	секои / сите
For quality	секаков	секаква	секакво	секакви
For quantity	сиот	сета	сето	сите

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns
Gender	Personal		For quality	For quantity
	Nominative	Genitive
Masculine	никој	ничиј	никаков	николку
Feminine	никоја	ничија	никаква
Neuter	никое	ничие	никакво
Plural (all genders)	никои	ничии	никакви

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns
Gender	Personal		For quality	For quantity
	Nominative	Genitive
Masculine	некој	нечии	некаков	неколку
Feminine	некоја	нечија	некаква
Neuter	некое	нечие	некакво
Plural (all genders)	некои	нечии	некакви

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns
Gender	Personal
	Nominative	Genitive
Masculine	којшто	чијшто
Feminine	којашто	чијашто
Neuter	коешто	чиешто
Plural (all genders)	коишто	чиишто