Low-carbon building - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Low-carbon buildings are buildings designed and constructed to release very little or no carbon at all during their lifetime.

Buildings and Climate Change

Buildings alone are responsible for 38% of all human GHG emissions (20% residential, 18% commercial). It is the industrial sector which contributes the most to Climate Change

Climate change

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...

.

But according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC

IPCC

IPCC may refer to:*Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, of the United Nations*Independent Police Complaints Commission, of England and Wales*Irish Peatland Conservation Council...

), it is also the sector which presents the most cost effective opportunities for GHG reductions.

What Are Low-Carbon Buildings?

Low-carbon buildings (LCB) are buildings which are specifically engineered with GHG reduction in mind. So by definition, a LCB is a building which emits significantly less GHG than regular buildings.

There is presently no emissions threshold under which a building would qualify as a LCB. But to be genuinely “Climate Change neutral”, a LCB would have to achieve at least 80% GHG reduction compared to traditional buildings. According to the Stern Review

Stern Review

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the British government on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics and also chair of the Centre...

on the Economics of Climate Change, our emissions would have to be reduced by 80% compared to current levels in order not to exceed the Earth’s natural capacity to remove GHG from the atmosphere. By comparison, a regular building releases about 5,000 kgCO2e/m2 during its entire lifetime (though it varies a lot, depending on the project type and where it is located).

Low-Carbon Buildings Technology

GHGs are released in the atmosphere during each stage of buildings life:

Building construction
Building operation
Building renovation and deconstruction

GHG reduction calculations should consider all stages of the building life: construction (incl. renovation and deconstruction) and operation.

Construction

GHG emissions associated with buildings construction are mainly coming from:

Materials manufacturing (e.g., concrete)
Materials transport
Demolition wastes transport
Demolition wastes treatment

The construction, renovation, and deconstruction of a typical building is on average responsible for the emissions of 1,000-1,500 kgCO2e/m2 (around 500 kgCO2e/m2 for construction only).

Strategies adopted by LCB to reduce GHG emissions during construction include:

Reduce quantity of materials used
Select materials with low emissions factors associated (e.g., recycled materials)
Select materials suppliers as close as possible from the construction site to reduce transport distances
Divert demolition wastes to recycling instead of landfills or incineration

Operation

GHG emissions associated with buildings operation are mainly coming from:

Electricity consumption
Consumption of fossil fuels on-site for the production of electricity, hot water, heat, etc.
On-site waste water treatment
On-site solid wastes treatment
Industrial processes housed in the buildings

Fossil fuels include for example: natural gas, propane, etc.

Depending on the region where the building is located and the building energy mix, operation emissions can vary from 0 to over 100 kgCO2e/m2 per year.

LCB usually achieve less than 10 kgCO2e/m2 per year.

Strategies adopted by LCB to reduce GHG emissions during operation include:

Reduce energy consumption
Switch to renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources include:

Solar
Wind
Low-impact hydro
Biofuels (under certain conditions)
Geothermal
Wave and tidal

Indirect GHG reductions

There are three main sources of indirect GHG reductions available for buildings:

Green power
Carbon offsets
GHG reductions from the selling to the grid of clean electricity produced on-site

These GHG reductions can be used by buildings Owners to offset the emissions which can not be reduced otherwise or to achieve specific GHG target, for example “carbon neutrality”.

Note: Buildings emissions should always be reported in GHG inventories prior to and independent of any indirect GHG reductions. GHG emissions trades should be reported separately in a different section of GHG inventories.

For this reason, it is recommended to reduce buildings emissions by adopting the strategies listed in previous paragraphs rather than using GHG emissions trades.

Low-Carbon Buildings Today

LCB, as part of “green buildings”, are developing very rapidly. Recent examples include:

Aldo Leopold Foundation Headquarters, Fairfield (USA)
Kroon Hall, Yale University’s School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (USA)
Sustainable Energy Technology Center, The University of Nottingham, NingBo (China)

Existing Low-Carbon Buildings Standards

The Low-Carbon Buildings Method TM 2011, Buildings Construction, A Simplified Methodology for Estimating GHG Emissions from Buildings Construction