Liu Ju
Encyclopedia
Liu Ju (128 BC – 91 BC), formally Crown Prince Li (戾太子, literally, "the Unrepentant Crown Prince") was crown prince
during the reign of his father, Emperor Wu of Han
, during China
's Han Dynasty
. Contrary to his posthumous name, he was regarded as a well-mannered, considerate man who, by circumstances out of his control, was forced to rebel against his father and who died as a consequence of the rebellion.
, eventually would be Emperor Wu's second wife. (She had gotten favor over his first wife, Empress Chen Jiao
, after Chen was unable to bear Emperor Wu any children. Empress Chen was deposed in 130 BC.) She probably became a consort of his circa 139 BC. However, despite her favored status, she also did not bear him a son—Ju—until 128 BC. Only after she was able to bear this imperial heir was she created empress. Prince Ju was created crown prince in 122 BC, at age 6.
and always looking for territorial expansion who burdened his people to the limit, Crown Prince Ju was regarded as a man of peace, interested in allowing the people to rest. Even as Emperor Wu started to favor other consorts than Empress Wei, she and Crown Prince Ju remained respected by him. Crown Prince Ju was well-known for his hospitality and desire to listen to different opinions, and he maintained a large group of advisors and friends at his palace. Because Crown Prince Ju favored being lenient, he often came into conflict with some of his father's officials who favored harshness in dealing with the people.
In 113 BC, he would marry the only well-known consort of his, Consort Shi (史良娣). She bore him a son, Liu Jin (劉進). He had two other sons and a daughter.
While Crown Prince Ju's well-respected uncle, the great general Wei Qing
was alive, Crown Prince Ju was secure politically. After Wei died in 106 BC, however, the officials who disagreed with him politically began to plot against him.
One of the conspirators against Prince Ju would be Jiang Chong (江充), the head of the secret intelligence, who once had a run-in with Prince Ju after arresting one of Prince Ju's assistants for improper use of an imperial right of way. It appears likely that Jiang was behind many of the witchcraft accusations against important persons. One other conspirator was Emperor Wu's guard Su Wen (蘇文), who had falsely accused Prince Ju of committing adultery with Emperor Wu's junior concubines.
Jiang and Su decided on using witchcraft as the excuse to move against Prince Ju. Jiang, with approval from Emperor Wu, who was then at his summer palace in Ganquan (甘泉, in modern Xianyang
, Shaanxi
), searched through various palaces, ostensibly for witchcraft items, eventually reaching Prince Ju's palace. He planted dolls and a piece of cloth with mysterious writing in Prince Ju's palace, and then announced that he found them there. Prince Ju was shocked. He considered his options, and his teacher Shi De (石德), invoking the story of Ying Fusu and raising the possibility that Emperor Wu might already be deceased, suggested that Prince Ju start an uprising. Prince Ju initially hesitated and wanted to speedily proceed to Ganquan to try to see his father to explain himself, but he found out that Jiang's messengers were already on their way. He decided to accept Shi's suggestion.
Prince Ju then sent an individual to impersonate a messenger from Emperor Wu to arrest Jiang and his coconspirators—except for Su, who escaped. After they were arrested, Prince Ju personally killed Jiang. He then led the guards of his and Empress Wei's palaces and prepared to defend himself. Su fled to Ganquan and accused Prince Ju of treason. Emperor Wu, not believing it to be true and correctly (at this point) believing that Prince Ju had merely been angry at Jiang, send a messenger back to the capital Chang'an
to summon Prince Ju. The messenger did not dare to proceed to Chang'an, but instead returned and falsely reported to Emperor Wu that he fled because Prince Ju was going to kill him. By now enraged, Emperor Wu ordered his nephew, Prime Minister Liu Qumao (劉屈犛), to put down the rebellion. The forces battled for five days, but Liu Qumao's forces prevailed after it became clear that Prince Ju did not have his father's authorization. Prince Ju fled the capital.
Emperor Wu continued to be enraged and ordered that Prince Ju be tracked down, but after a junior official risked his life and spoke on Prince Ju's behalf, Emperor Wu's anger began to subside, but he had not yet issued a pardon for Prince Ju when Prince Ju, having fled to Hu (湖縣, in modern Sanmenxia
, Henan
) and surrounded by troops, committed suicide by hanging. His two sons died with him. Consort Shi, her son Liu Jin and his wife Consort Wang died in the capital in the same incident, but it is not clear how they died—whether by their own hands or by execution. Liu Ju's only daughter also died, although it is similarly unknown whether or not she was executed or committed suicide, or if she was one of the victims of Emperor Wu's witchcraft trials. Empress Wei committed suicide after it became clear she would be deposed.
, languished in prison as a child. Nor did he officially restore Crown Prince Ju's honor.
By some twist of fate, however, Liu Bingyi would eventually become emperor (as Emperor Xuan) in 74 BC following the death of Crown Prince Ju's younger brother Emperor Zhao
and a brief reign by their nephew, Prince He of Changyi
. Out of respect for Emperor Zhao (and fearful that he would suffer the same consequence as Prince He), Emperor Xuan did not initially attempt to restore the honor of his grandfather. It was not until 73 BC when he restored Crown Prince Ju's title (but with the rather unflattering posthumous name of "Li") and reburied his grandparents and parents.
Crown Prince
A crown prince or crown princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess....
during the reign of his father, Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han , , personal name Liu Che , was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized...
, during China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
's Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
. Contrary to his posthumous name, he was regarded as a well-mannered, considerate man who, by circumstances out of his control, was forced to rebel against his father and who died as a consequence of the rebellion.
Family background and birth
Crown Prince Ju's mother, Empress Wei ZifuEmpress Wei
Empress Wei may refer to:* Empress Wei Zifu, empress during Han Dynasty* Empress Wei , empress of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty* Empress Dowager Wei, empress dowager of the Chinese/Di state Later Liang...
, eventually would be Emperor Wu's second wife. (She had gotten favor over his first wife, Empress Chen Jiao
Empress Chen Jiao
Empress Chen Jiao was an empress during Han Dynasty. She was the first wife of Emperor Wu of Han, but was deposed in 130 BC. Her father was Chen Wu , the Marquess of Tangyi. Her mother was Emperor Wu's aunt Princess Liu Piao , making her and her husband cousins...
, after Chen was unable to bear Emperor Wu any children. Empress Chen was deposed in 130 BC.) She probably became a consort of his circa 139 BC. However, despite her favored status, she also did not bear him a son—Ju—until 128 BC. Only after she was able to bear this imperial heir was she created empress. Prince Ju was created crown prince in 122 BC, at age 6.
As crown prince
It is unclear when Crown Prince Ju became involved in government, but as he matured and his father became more and more often absent from the capital about 113 BC, his father entrusted him with more governmental responsibility, acting as regent while Emperor Wu was not in the capital. Unlike Emperor Wu, who was at times megalomanicMegalomania
Megalomania is a psycho-pathological condition characterized by delusional fantasies of power, relevance, or omnipotence. 'Megalomania is characterized by an inflated sense of self-esteem and overestimation by persons of their powers and beliefs'...
and always looking for territorial expansion who burdened his people to the limit, Crown Prince Ju was regarded as a man of peace, interested in allowing the people to rest. Even as Emperor Wu started to favor other consorts than Empress Wei, she and Crown Prince Ju remained respected by him. Crown Prince Ju was well-known for his hospitality and desire to listen to different opinions, and he maintained a large group of advisors and friends at his palace. Because Crown Prince Ju favored being lenient, he often came into conflict with some of his father's officials who favored harshness in dealing with the people.
In 113 BC, he would marry the only well-known consort of his, Consort Shi (史良娣). She bore him a son, Liu Jin (劉進). He had two other sons and a daughter.
While Crown Prince Ju's well-respected uncle, the great general Wei Qing
Wei Qing
Wei Qing , born Zheng Qing in Linfen, Shanxi, was a famous general during Han Dynasty of China, whose campaigns against the Xiongnu earned him great acclaim. He was the younger half-brother of Empress Wei Zifu, making him the the Emperor Wu's brother-in-law...
was alive, Crown Prince Ju was secure politically. After Wei died in 106 BC, however, the officials who disagreed with him politically began to plot against him.
Being forced into rebellion
Near the end of his reign, Emperor Wu became paranoid, fearful of the use of witchcraft against him, and those who were suspected of witchcraft were often summarily executed. Many important people, including his own daughters Princesses Yangshi and Zhuyi and Wei Qing's son Wei Kang (衛忼) became victims of this witch hunt, in 91 BC. In the same year, the witchcraft investigations would ensnare Crown Prince Ju and not allow him to escape.One of the conspirators against Prince Ju would be Jiang Chong (江充), the head of the secret intelligence, who once had a run-in with Prince Ju after arresting one of Prince Ju's assistants for improper use of an imperial right of way. It appears likely that Jiang was behind many of the witchcraft accusations against important persons. One other conspirator was Emperor Wu's guard Su Wen (蘇文), who had falsely accused Prince Ju of committing adultery with Emperor Wu's junior concubines.
Jiang and Su decided on using witchcraft as the excuse to move against Prince Ju. Jiang, with approval from Emperor Wu, who was then at his summer palace in Ganquan (甘泉, in modern Xianyang
Xianyang
Xianyang is a former capital of China in Shaanxi province, on the Wei River, a few kilometers upstream from Xi'an. It has an area of...
, Shaanxi
Shaanxi
' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province...
), searched through various palaces, ostensibly for witchcraft items, eventually reaching Prince Ju's palace. He planted dolls and a piece of cloth with mysterious writing in Prince Ju's palace, and then announced that he found them there. Prince Ju was shocked. He considered his options, and his teacher Shi De (石德), invoking the story of Ying Fusu and raising the possibility that Emperor Wu might already be deceased, suggested that Prince Ju start an uprising. Prince Ju initially hesitated and wanted to speedily proceed to Ganquan to try to see his father to explain himself, but he found out that Jiang's messengers were already on their way. He decided to accept Shi's suggestion.
Prince Ju then sent an individual to impersonate a messenger from Emperor Wu to arrest Jiang and his coconspirators—except for Su, who escaped. After they were arrested, Prince Ju personally killed Jiang. He then led the guards of his and Empress Wei's palaces and prepared to defend himself. Su fled to Ganquan and accused Prince Ju of treason. Emperor Wu, not believing it to be true and correctly (at this point) believing that Prince Ju had merely been angry at Jiang, send a messenger back to the capital Chang'an
Chang'an
Chang'an is an ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the short-lived Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace" ; yet after its fall in AD 23, the old name was restored...
to summon Prince Ju. The messenger did not dare to proceed to Chang'an, but instead returned and falsely reported to Emperor Wu that he fled because Prince Ju was going to kill him. By now enraged, Emperor Wu ordered his nephew, Prime Minister Liu Qumao (劉屈犛), to put down the rebellion. The forces battled for five days, but Liu Qumao's forces prevailed after it became clear that Prince Ju did not have his father's authorization. Prince Ju fled the capital.
Emperor Wu continued to be enraged and ordered that Prince Ju be tracked down, but after a junior official risked his life and spoke on Prince Ju's behalf, Emperor Wu's anger began to subside, but he had not yet issued a pardon for Prince Ju when Prince Ju, having fled to Hu (湖縣, in modern Sanmenxia
Sanmenxia
-Administration:The prefecture-level city of Sanmenxia administers one district, two county-level cities and three counties.*Hubin District*Lingbao City*Yima City*Lushi County*Shan County*Mianchi County*Sanmenxia Development Zone...
, Henan
Henan
Henan , is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" , named after Yuzhou , a Han Dynasty state that included parts of Henan...
) and surrounded by troops, committed suicide by hanging. His two sons died with him. Consort Shi, her son Liu Jin and his wife Consort Wang died in the capital in the same incident, but it is not clear how they died—whether by their own hands or by execution. Liu Ju's only daughter also died, although it is similarly unknown whether or not she was executed or committed suicide, or if she was one of the victims of Emperor Wu's witchcraft trials. Empress Wei committed suicide after it became clear she would be deposed.
Post death developments
Eventually, Emperor Wu had begun to realize that the witchcraft accusations were often false accusations. In 89 BC, when Tian Qianqiu (田千秋), then the superintendent of Emperor Gao's temple, wrote a report claiming that Emperor Gao told him in a dream that Prince Ju should have only been whipped, not killed, Emperor Wu had a revelation about what happened, and he had Su killed by burning and Jiang's family executed. He also made Tian prime minister. However, although he claimed to miss Prince Ju greatly, he did not at this time rectify the situation where Prince Ju's surviving progeny, a grandson, Liu BingyiEmperor Xuan of Han
Emperor Xuan of Han was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from 74 BC to 49 BC. His life story was a riches-to-rags-to-riches story.Emperor Xuan was the great grandson of Emperor Wu...
, languished in prison as a child. Nor did he officially restore Crown Prince Ju's honor.
By some twist of fate, however, Liu Bingyi would eventually become emperor (as Emperor Xuan) in 74 BC following the death of Crown Prince Ju's younger brother Emperor Zhao
Emperor Zhao of Han
Emperor Zhao of Han was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from 87 BC to 74 BC.Emperor Zhao was the youngest son of Emperor Wu of Han. By the time Zhao was born, Emperor Wu was already 62. Zhao ascended the throne after the death of Emperor Wu in 87 BC. He was only 8 years old...
and a brief reign by their nephew, Prince He of Changyi
Prince He of Changyi
Prince He of Changyi was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty for 27 days in 74 BC. He was installed and deposed by a prominent statesman of his time, Huo Guang. He was omitted from the official list of emperors. His personal name was Liu He and he declared the era name Yuanping...
. Out of respect for Emperor Zhao (and fearful that he would suffer the same consequence as Prince He), Emperor Xuan did not initially attempt to restore the honor of his grandfather. It was not until 73 BC when he restored Crown Prince Ju's title (but with the rather unflattering posthumous name of "Li") and reburied his grandparents and parents.