List of Hypati and Dukes of Gaeta
Encyclopedia
This is a list of the hypati, patricians
, consul
s, and duke
s of Gaeta
. Many of the dates are uncertain and sometimes the status of the rulership, with co-rulers and suzerain-vassal relations, is vague.
and his son Jordan I
used the titles duke and consul from 1058 and 1062 respectively.
In 1140, Gaeta went directly to the king of Sicily, Roger II. Under the Hautevilles and the Hohenstaufen
, sovereigns continued issuing coinage as rulers of Gaeta until 1229.
(1811–1892) was created Duca di Gaeta by the King of Italy
as a victory title
in recognition of his role during the Siege of Gaeta (1860)
.
Patricianship
Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world, where cities such as Ancient Rome had a class of patrician families whose members were the only people allowed to exercise many political functions...
, consul
Consul
Consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic...
s, and duke
Duke
A duke or duchess is a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch, and historically controlling a duchy...
s of Gaeta
Duchy of Gaeta
The Duchy of Gaeta was an early medieval state centred on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula thanks to Lombard and Saracen incursions.Our...
. Many of the dates are uncertain and sometimes the status of the rulership, with co-rulers and suzerain-vassal relations, is vague.
Hypati
- ConstantineConstantine of GaetaConstantine was the first known Hypatus of Gaeta from 839 or thereabouts until he disappears from records abruptly in 866. From the abruptness of his disappearance, he is often supposed to have been desposed violently by his successor Docibilis I....
(839839Year 839 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Louis the Pious attempts to divide his empire among his sons.* Ethelwulf succeeds Egbert as king of Wessex....
-866866Year 866 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship.- Europe :...
) - Marinus IMarinus I of GaetaMarinus I was probably a Hypatus of Gaeta in association with his father from 839 or thereabouts until he disappears from records abruptly in 866. From the abruptness of his disappearance, he and his father are often supposed to have been disposed violently by their successor Docibilis I. Marinus...
(866866Year 866 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship.- Europe :...
-890890Year 890 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* The sovereignty of Great Moravian king Svatopluk I in Bohemia is confirmed.* Lusatia becomes a part of Great Moravia....
) - Docibilis IDocibilis I of GaetaDocibilis I was the Hypatus of Gaeta from 867 until his death.The sudden disappearance of the co-hypati Constantine and Marinus I after 866 strongly suggests that perhaps Docibilis' assumption of power had been violent...
(867867Year 867 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Byzantine Empire :* September – Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.* Macedonian dynasty is started....
-906906Year 906 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg counts to establish themselves as dukes of Franconia. Conrad the Elder is killed in the battle...
) - John IJohn I of GaetaJohn I was the second hypatus of Gaeta of his dynasty, a son of Dociblis I and Matrona, and perhaps the greatest of medieval Gaetan rulers....
(867867Year 867 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Byzantine Empire :* September – Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.* Macedonian dynasty is started....
-933933Year 933 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.-Africa:* Failed attempt by the Fatimid dynasty to seize the Maghreb al-Aqsa from the local rulers allied to the Spain-based Umayyad Caliphate.- Europe :* Cotentin and Jersey are seized by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy.*...
or 934934Year 934 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* The Ziyarid army occupies Ahvaz.* The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County.- Europe :...
), also patrician from 877877Year 877 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* The Danes take Exeter, England.* A flotilla of 120 Danish ships is lost in a storm off Swanage....
Dukes
- Docibilis IIDocibilis II of GaetaDocibilis II was the ruler of Gaeta, in one capacity or another, from 906 until his death. He was the son of the hypatus John I, who made him co-ruler in 906 or thereabouts....
(914914Year 914 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.-Africa:* February 6 – the Fatimid general, Husaba of the Kutama Berber tribe, takes Barqah ....
or 915915Year 915 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Battle of Garigliano: The Christian League defeats the Saracens.* Berengar I of Italy is crowned Holy Roman Emperor....
-954954Year 954 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* King Máel Coluim I of Scotland is killed in battle against the Highlanders...
), co-hypatus from 906906Year 906 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg counts to establish themselves as dukes of Franconia. Conrad the Elder is killed in the battle... - John IIJohn II of GaetaJohn II was the duke of Gaeta, associated with his father Docibilis II and grandfather John I from 933 and sole ruler from the former's death in 954. His mother was Orania, of Neapolitan extraction...
(954954Year 954 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* King Máel Coluim I of Scotland is killed in battle against the Highlanders...
-962962Year 962 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* February 2 – Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor....
or 963963Year 963 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Turkish Khan Sebük Tigin establishes his empire in modern day Afghanistan....
), co-duke from 933933Year 933 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.-Africa:* Failed attempt by the Fatimid dynasty to seize the Maghreb al-Aqsa from the local rulers allied to the Spain-based Umayyad Caliphate.- Europe :* Cotentin and Jersey are seized by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy.*...
or 934934Year 934 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* The Ziyarid army occupies Ahvaz.* The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County.- Europe :...
, consul - GregoryGregory of GaetaGregory was the Duke of Gaeta from 963 until his death. He was the second son of Docibilis II of Gaeta and his wife Orania. He succeeded his brother John II, who had left only daughters. Gregory rapidly depleted the publicum of the Duchy of Gaeta by doling it out to family members as grants...
(962962Year 962 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* February 2 – Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor....
or 963963Year 963 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Turkish Khan Sebük Tigin establishes his empire in modern day Afghanistan....
-978978Year 978 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence, Italy, is founded by Willa, Margravine of Tuscany....
) - Marinus IIMarinus II of GaetaMarinus II was the son of Docibilis II of Gaeta and Orania of Naples. He was made dux of Fondi by his father and his elder brother John II recognised this title. After his brother Gregory, who succeeded John, died, Marinus succeeded to the duchy of Gaeta and gave Fondi to his son Marinus...
(978978Year 978 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence, Italy, is founded by Willa, Margravine of Tuscany....
-984984Year 984 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Emperor Kazan succeeds Emperor En'yū on the throne of Japan....
) - John IIIJohn III of GaetaJohn III was the consul and duke of Gaeta from some time between October 984 and January 986 until his death.He was the eldest son of Marinus II, who succeeded his brother Gregory in 978 and immediately appointed John as co-duke in order to assure his inheritance, as the precedent of fraternal...
(984984Year 984 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.- Asia :* Emperor Kazan succeeds Emperor En'yū on the throne of Japan....
-1008 or 1009), co-duke from 979979Year 979 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* The Tynwald of the Isle of Man is founded.... - John IVJohn IV of GaetaJohn IV was the eldest son of John III of Gaeta who was appointed co-duke in 991 while still young . John succeeded his father in 1008 or 1009 and ruled for a brief four years....
(1008 or 1009-1012), co-duke from 991991Year 991 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.- Europe :* Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are defeated by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.... - Leo ILeo I of GaetaLeo I, called the Usurper, was the usurping consul and duke of Gaeta on two quite separate occasions. He was the son of one Docibilis, a relative of the Docibilian dynasty, probably a son of Duke Gregory....
(1012), called the Usurper, tried to retake Gaeta from Guaimar in 1042 - John VJohn V of GaetaJohn V was the consul and duke of Gaeta from 1012 to 1032. He was the son of John IV and Sichelgaita, sister of Sergius IV of Naples. He was either very young when he succeeded his father or perhaps he was even born posthumously.His regency was disputed by Leo, his father's brother, and the...
(1012-1032), also consul- EmiliaEmilia of GaetaEmilia was the duchess of Gaeta first as consort of John III and then as the regent for her grandson John V until at least 1029....
, grandmother, regent (1012-1027) - Leo IILeo II of GaetaLeo II was the regent and tutor of John V of Gaeta in opposition to his own mother, Emilia, from 1014 to January 1025. He undersigned documents as consul et dux. He was the son of John III of Gaeta and thus uncle of John V....
, uncle, tutor (1015-1024)
- Emilia
Dukes
In 1041, Guaimar gave direct control and his title to the count of Aversa. In 1058, Gaeta was made subject to the count of Aversa, by then prince of Capua.- Pandulf IPandulf IV of CapuaPandulf IV was the Prince of Capua on three separate occasions.From February 1016 to 1022 he ruled in association with his cousin Pandulf II. In 1018, the Byzantine catapan Boiannes destroyed the Lombard army of Melus of Bari and his Norman allies at Cannae...
(1032-1038) - Pandulf IIPandulf VI of CapuaPandulf VI was the successor of Pandulf IV as Prince of Capua from his death in 1050 to his own seven years later. He was the son of Pandulf IV and Maria. He co-ruled with his father in the Duchy of Gaeta as early as 1032–1038.He was a weak ruler under whom the principality declined in...
(1032-1038), co-duke - GuaimarGuaimar IV of SalernoGuaimar IV was Prince of Salerno , Duke of Amalfi , Duke of Gaeta , and Prince of Capua in Southern Italy over the period from 1027 to 1052. He was an important figure in the final phase of Byzantine authority in the Mezzogiorno and the commencement of Norman power...
(1038-1045)- Ranulf (1041-1041)
- AsclettinAsclettin, Count of AversaAsclettin Drengot was the son of Asclettin, count of Acerenza, brother of Rainulf Drengot, whom he succeeded in the county of Aversa in 1045...
(1045)
- Atenulf IAtenulf I of GaetaAtenulf I was the Lombard count of Aquino who rose to become Duke of Gaeta in Southern Italy during the chaotic middle of the eleventh century....
(1045-1062), also count of AquinoAquinoAquino is a town and comune in the province of Frosinone, in the Lazio region of Italy, 12 km northwest of Cassino.-History:The ancient Aquinum was a municipium in the time of Cicero, and made a colony by the Triumviri... - Atenulf IIAtenulf II of GaetaAtenulf II was the duke of Gaeta for a brief two years under the regency of his mother, Maria. He was the son and successor of Atenulf I, who had been forced to recognise the suzerainty of the prince of Capua, Richard I, and his son Jordan in 1058.Atenulf I died on 2 February and on 1 June, Maria...
(1062-1064), also count of AquinoAquinoAquino is a town and comune in the province of Frosinone, in the Lazio region of Italy, 12 km northwest of Cassino.-History:The ancient Aquinum was a municipium in the time of Cicero, and made a colony by the Triumviri...
- MariaMaria of GaetaMaria , daughter of Pandulf IV of Capua and Maria, was the wife of Atenulf, count of Aquino, while her unnamed sister was the wife of Atenulf's brother Lando...
, regent (1062-1065), daughter of Pandulf I, wife of Atenulf I and William I, and mother of Atenulf II and Lando
- Maria
Dukes and consuls
These were vassals of the princes of Capua. Princes Richard IRichard I of Capua
Richard I Drengot was a count of Aversa and prince of Capua .He was the son of Asclettin, count of Acerenza, younger brother of Asclettin, count of Aversa, and nephew of Rainulf Drengot, the Norman adventurer who had first travelled to southern Italy in 1017 and progressed to set up the first...
and his son Jordan I
Jordan I of Capua
Jordan I , count of Aversa and prince of Capua from 1078 to his death, was the eldest son and successor of Prince Richard I of Capua and Fressenda, a daughter of Tancred of Hauteville and his second wife, also named Fressenda, and the nephew of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily...
used the titles duke and consul from 1058 and 1062 respectively.
- William IWilliam of MontreuilWilliam of Montreuil was an Italo-Norman freebooter of the mid-eleventh century. He was described by Amatus of Monte Cassino as an exceptional knight, small in stature, who was very robust, strong, valiant and by Orderic Vitalis as le Bon Normand, "the Good Norman."He was a son of the Guillaume...
(1064) - LandoLando of GaetaLando was the Duke of Gaeta briefly in 1064–1065. He was appointed by Richard I and Jordan I, co-princes of Capua, after the revolt of William of Montreuil, who attempted to repudiate Richard's daughter and marry Maria of Gaeta....
(1064-1065), also count of TraiettoMinturnoMinturno is a city and comune in the southern Lazio, Italy, situated on the north west bank of the Liris , with a suburb on the opposite bank c... - Dannibaldo (1066-1067)
- Geoffrey (1068-1086)
- Reginald (from 1086)
- GualganusGualganus RidellGualganus , surnamed Ridel, Ridell, or Ridello, was the Duke of Gaeta as a vassal of the Prince of Capua in the late 1080s until 1091. He was a son and successor of Raynald Ridell....
(until 1091) - LandulfLandulf of GaetaLandulf , either a Lombard count or a Docibilian senator, was the Duke and Consul of Gaeta from 1091 to 1103.With the death of Jordan I of Capua in November 1090, anarchy erupted in the fiefs of the Principality of Capua, especially in Aquino and Gaeta. In the latter, Renaud Ridel was chased from...
(1091-1103) - William IIWilliam BlossevilleWilliam II, called de Blosseville, was the consul and duke of Gaeta from 1103 to 1105. He appears on Gaetan follari of his time as DV or dux Vilelmus.In 1105, he was exiled by Richard I of Aquila after less than two years as duke.-Sources:**...
(1103-1104 or 1105) - Richard IIRichard II of GaetaRichard II was the consul and duke of Gaeta, ruling from 1104 or 1105 to his death.He conquered the duchy from his predecessor, William Blosseville, whom he exiled. He subsequently minted his own coinage as an independent prince.He lent troops to Pope Paschal II in 1108 to retake Rome...
(1104 or 1105-1111) - Andrew (1111-1112)
- JonathanJonathan of GaetaJonathan was the Duke of Gaeta from 1112 until his death. He was a member of a cadet branch of the Drengot family then ruling in Capua. He was a grandson of Bartholomew, Count of Carinola. He was a minor when granted Gaeta in 1112. He was under the regency of his uncle, Richard of Carinola. He...
(1112-1121) - Richard IIIRichard III of GaetaRichard III , also known as Richard of Caleno, was the Count of Carinola last independent Duke of Gaeta, ruling from 1121 to his death. He was a son of Bartholomew of Carinola and a member of the Drengot family. From 1112 he was regent for his nephew, Jonathan; in 1121 he succeeded him...
(1121-1140)
In 1140, Gaeta went directly to the king of Sicily, Roger II. Under the Hautevilles and the Hohenstaufen
Hohenstaufen
The House of Hohenstaufen was a dynasty of German kings in the High Middle Ages, lasting from 1138 to 1254. Three of these kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In 1194 the Hohenstaufens also became Kings of Sicily...
, sovereigns continued issuing coinage as rulers of Gaeta until 1229.
Victory title
In the mid-nineteenth century, the soldier, politician and diplomat Enrico CialdiniEnrico Cialdini
Enrico Cialdini, Duca di Gaeta was an Italian soldier, politician and diplomat.-Biography:He was born at Castelvetro, in the province of Modena. In 1831 he took part in the insurrection at Modena, fleeing afterwards to Paris, whence he proceeded to Spain to fight against the Carlists...
(1811–1892) was created Duca di Gaeta by the King of Italy
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
The Kingdom of Italy was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was its legal predecessor state...
as a victory title
Victory title
A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. This practice was first used by Ancient Rome and is still most commonly associated with the Romans, but it has also been adopted as a practice by many modern empires,...
in recognition of his role during the Siege of Gaeta (1860)
Siege of Gaeta (1860)
The Siege of Gaeta was the concluding event of the war between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It started on November 5, 1860 and ended February 13, 1861, and took place in Gaeta, in today's Southern Lazio .-Background:...
.