Laser surface velocimeter
Encyclopedia
A laser surface velocimeter (LSV) is a non-contact optical sensor measuring velocity and length on moving surfaces. Laser surface velocimeters use the laser Doppler principle to evaluate the laser light scattered back from a moving object. They are widely used for process and quality control in industrial production processes.
of a wave
for an observer
moving relative to the source of the wave. The wave has a frequency f and propagates at a speed c When the observer moves at a velocity of v relative to the source, he receives a different frequency f' according to
The above analysis is an approximation for small velocities in comparison to the speed of light which is fulfilled very well for ractically all technically relevant velocities.
To make a measurement on moving objects, which can in principle be of any length, requires a measurement design with an observation axis for the sensor which is at a right angle to the direction of movement of the object under investigation.
Laser surface velocimeters work according to the socalled Difference Doppler Technique. Here, 2 laser beams which are each incident to the optical axis at an angle φ, are superimposed on the surface of the object. For a point P, which moves at velocity v through the intersection point of the two laser beams, the frequencies of the two laser beams are Doppler shifted in accordance with the above
formula. At the point P of the object which is moving at the velocity v, the following frequencies therefore occur:
= Unit vectors of laser beams 1 and 2 and in direction detector
The point P now emits scatter waves in the direction of the detector. As P is moving with the object, the scattered radiation in the direction
of the detector is also Doppler shifted. Thus for the frequency of the scatter waves in the direction of the detector, it can be said:
The differential Doppler process
The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) is the change in frequencyFrequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency.The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency...
of a wave
Wave
In physics, a wave is a disturbance that travels through space and time, accompanied by the transfer of energy.Waves travel and the wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium—that is, with little or no associated mass...
for an observer
Observer
Observer may refer to person who is observing. More specialised meanings follow.-Computer science and information theory:*In information theory, any system which receives information from an object....
moving relative to the source of the wave. The wave has a frequency f and propagates at a speed c When the observer moves at a velocity of v relative to the source, he receives a different frequency f' according to
The above analysis is an approximation for small velocities in comparison to the speed of light which is fulfilled very well for ractically all technically relevant velocities.
To make a measurement on moving objects, which can in principle be of any length, requires a measurement design with an observation axis for the sensor which is at a right angle to the direction of movement of the object under investigation.
Laser surface velocimeters work according to the socalled Difference Doppler Technique. Here, 2 laser beams which are each incident to the optical axis at an angle φ, are superimposed on the surface of the object. For a point P, which moves at velocity v through the intersection point of the two laser beams, the frequencies of the two laser beams are Doppler shifted in accordance with the above
formula. At the point P of the object which is moving at the velocity v, the following frequencies therefore occur:
= Unit vectors of laser beams 1 and 2 and in direction detector- f1,2 = Frequencies of the laser beams 1 and 2
- fP1,P2 = Doppler shifted frequencies of laser beams 1 and 2 in point P
The point P now emits scatter waves in the direction of the detector. As P is moving with the object, the scattered radiation in the direction
of the detector is also Doppler shifted. Thus for the frequency of the scatter waves in the direction of the detector, it can be said:-
The scatter waves are superimposed on the detector. Due to the interference of the scatter waves from the two laser beams, there are different frequency components in the superimposition. The low-frequency beat frequency of the superimposed scatter radiation which corresponds to the Doppler frequency fD is analyzed metrologically. When both incidental laser beams are at the same frequency (same wavelength), this is seen as a difference of fe2 and fe1 to:
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If point P moves vertically with reference to the optical axis and at the same angle of incidence φ, it can be said that:
and
This means the final result is:
The Doppler shift is thus directly proportional to the velocity. A graphic explanation which leads to the same result follows:
Graphic representation
Both the laser beams are superimposed in the measurement volume and in this spatial area, generate an interference pattern of bright and dark fringes.
The fringe spacing Δs is a system constant which depends on the laser wavelength λ and the angle between the laser beams 2φ:
If a particle moves through the fringe pattern, then the intensity of the light it scatters back is modulated.
As a result of this, a photo receiver in the sensor head generates an AC signal, the frequency fD of which is directly proportional to the velocity component of the surface in measurement direction vp and it can be said that:
- fD = Doppler frequency
- vp = Velocity component in the direction of measurement
- Δs = Fringe spacing in the measurement volume
The heterodyne technique
Laser surface velocimeters work in the so-called heterodyne mode, i.e. the frequency of one of the laser beams is shifted by an offset
of 40 MHz, e.g.. This makes the fringes in the measurement volume travel with a velocity corresponding to the offset frequency fB. This then makes it possible to identify the direction of movement of the object and to measure at the velocity zero. The resulting modulation frequency fmod at the photo receiver in heterodyne mode is:
The modulation frequency is determined in the controller using Fourier transformation and converted into the measurement value for the
velocity vp. The length measurement is made by integrating the velocity signal.
Applications
Laser surface velocimeters measure speed and length of moving surfaces on coils, strips, tubes, fiber, film, paper, foil, composite lumber, or almost any other moving material, including hot steel. LSVs can accomplish various tasks like cut-to-length control, part length and spool length measurement, speed measurement and speed control, differential speed measurement for mass flow control, encoder calibration, ink-jet marker control, and many others.
Literature
- Peter M. Nawfel: Laser based, noncontact speed sensor helps reduce breaks on high speed unwind. TAPPI, 2004.
- K. Matsubara, W. Stork, A. Wagner, J. Drescher, and K. D. Müller-Glaser: Simultaneous measurement of the velocity and the displacement of the moving rough surface by a laser Doppler velocimeters. Applied Optics, Vol. 36, Issue 19, pp. 4516-4520, 1997 (online).
- Bruce E. Truax, Frank C. Demarest, and Gary E. Sommargren: Laser Doppler velocimeter for velocity and length measurements of moving surfaces. Applied Optics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 67-73, 1984 (online).
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