Kurzweil K2000
Encyclopedia
The Kurzweil K2000 is a 16 bit sampler with a complex synthesis architecture by Kurzweil Music Systems
, similar to the EMU Emulator III.
The K2000 features a technology dubbed V.A.S.T., which stands for "Variable Architecture Synthesis Technology", a marketing term for the K2000's digital signal processing
(DSP) based sound processing system.
Up to 32 layers can make up a "program", [N.B.: 32 layers are only possible on the PC3 series, not the K2xxx series] similar to a "patch" on other synthesizers. Within a program, each layer can have independent settings in all of the various blocks, including different algorithms, pan positions, output mappings, etc. Modulation sources can be routed to almost all of these, and can be independently assigned within a layer and between layers. Thus using a particular modulation source in one "block" does not exclude it from being used elsewhere (for instance you could assign keystroke velocity to control, say, filter frequency cutoff and resonance in one layer, while in another it can be assigned to control pitch or pan position).
There are 31 algorithms available in the K2000, the allowed DSP functions for each algorithm are detailed in section 26 of the K2000 user manual. For example, algorithm 9 can be configured as follows:
Adding this to the basic patch layout shown above gives:
The DSP functions are described in detail in section 14 of the K2000 user manual. In this particular example, the sample mapped to the keyboard via the keymap block does not sound; instead a sawtooth wave will be combined with another sawtooth wave and fed through the "shaper" (which, in essence, allows one wave to frequency modulate another), then through a 2-pole lowpass filter with a fixed resonance, and finally through two gain stages to the output.
At each point in the pipeline there are parameters that can be modulated by control sources. These parameters vary depending on which "block" is being modulated. For instance, for the [SAW] DSP block the user can assign various modulations sources to modulate the pitch of the sawtooth wave. There are, generally speaking, three sources that can be assigned to modulate a parameter. In the case of the [SAW] DSP block, the user can specify a starting pitch and determine how the pitch will track across the keyboard by specifying the amount of modulation supplied by each key in cents (via "Keytrk", or key track). The user can also assign modulation sources to "Src1" and "Src2" and specify the depth of the modulation amount (for "Src1", the user can specify "Depth". for "Src2", "MinDpt" and "MaxDpt"). Additionally, "Src2" has a "Dptctl" (depth control) parameter—a control source that will determine how much the control source assigned to "Src2" will modulate the parameter. For example, a user may assign a key tracking value of 100 cents (causing a keyboard controller to play a 12-tone Western scale), assign "Src1" to a knob on a MIDI controller with a "Depth" value of 1200 cents (to tune the whole keyboard up or down by an octave), and assign "Src2" to be modulated by "LFO1". Further, the "MinDpt" and "MaxDpt" can be set to -100 cents and 100 cents respectively, and the "Dptctrl" can be assigned to another knob on a MIDI controller. This would provide a "vibrato" effect whose speed is controlled by "LFO1" (or low-frequency oscillator) and whose depth is controlled by the assigned MIDI control.
Some DSP blocks take up two or three slots, and each of those slots represents a value that can be modulated using one of the assignable control sources. For instance, the "4POLE LOPASS W/ SEP" (actually two 2-pole lowpass filters which can operate in unison or at different frequencies) DSP block takes up 3 slots. The first is used to set the frequency for the filter, the second to set the resonance, and the third to set the "separation" between the two 2-pole filters. Just as in the case of the [SAW] DSP block, each of those parameters can be modulated by three control sources.
A discussion of V.A.S.T. would not be complete without mentioning "FUNs". "FUN" stands for "function", and these are mathematical equations that take two values (a and b) as inputs and perform an operation on them. FUN equations include "a+b", "a*b", "b/(1-a)", and many others of varying complexity. They also allow for self-modulation; some FUNs introduce a variable "y" which represents the most recent output of the FUN. The Kurzweil evaluates each FUN every 20 milliseconds, hence it can take that value and plug it back into the equation if the equation has "y" as an input variable. Any modulation source can be assigned to a or b (or both at the same time) in a FUN. This can be used to mix two modulation sources, cause one to multiply the effects of another, and so forth. Internally, the K2000 rescales whatever value is currently being sent by the control source to a number between -1 and 1 (for bipolar control sources. Unipolar sources are scaled between 0 and 1), then applies the function and returns an output value. Using FUNS, therefore, more than three control sources can be assigned to modulate a parameter in a block since you can assign a FUN as a modulation source for "Src1", "Src2", or "Dptctl". Four FUNs are available per layer and FUNs can be assigned as inputs to other FUNs. The Kurzweil evaluates the FUNs sequentially, hence for this to work you would want to assign FUN1 as an input to FUN2, but not vice-versa.
A program can be set to run in "global" mode as well. In this mode, certain modulation sources can affect all layers in a program instead of just affecting the current layer. Among other effects, in "global" mode the global LFO will always be running, instead of starting when a key is pressed. The behavior of other global modulation sources may also change in this mode.
V.A.S.T. includes a number of control sources. There are two LFOs ("LFO1" and "LFO2") with a user-assignable wave shape and frequency modulation source. "AMPENV" is the main ASDR (attack-sustain-decay-release) control source for the final amplifier in a layer and has multiple attack, decay, and release segments. "ENV1" and "ENV2" are bipolar envelopes, and "ASR1" and "ASR2" are two more unipolar envelopes. All of these can be set to loop for a fixed or infinite number of cycles, and the loop start and end points can be set to different stages of the envelopes. Also include are several random-number generators, clocks based on the internal or external MIDI master clock, key and note state, mono and polyphonic aftertouch, etc. A complete list of these can be found in section 25 of the K2000 user manual.
Since the K2661, Kurzweil's "PC" series of synths have become the flagships of their product line, pending the release of a successor to the Kxxxx series of synthesizers:
Kurzweil Music Systems
Kurzweil Music Systems is a company that produces electronic musical instruments for professionals and home users. Founded in 1982 by Raymond Kurzweil, a developer of reading machines for the blind, the company made use of many of the technologies originally designed for reading machines and...
, similar to the EMU Emulator III.
The K2000 features a technology dubbed V.A.S.T., which stands for "Variable Architecture Synthesis Technology", a marketing term for the K2000's digital signal processing
Digital signal processing
Digital signal processing is concerned with the representation of discrete time signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing...
(DSP) based sound processing system.
Summary
V.A.S.T stand for variable-architecture synthesis techology. It is variable in that the user can select different signal paths, which contain different DSP functions, for use in creating and shaping a sound. V.A.S.T. also includes an extensive modulation system, similar in concept to that of analog modular synthesizers. A wide array of modulation sources can be assigned to various parameters within a signal path, and modulation sources can be combined to create new modulation sources.Details
The basic component of a V.A.S.T. program is a "layer". A layer on the K2000 contains a single "algorithm", which contains up to four slots for user-assignable DSP functions. The algorithm assigned to a layer is preceded by several other functions, or "blocks". There is the "keymap" block, which determines which (if any) samples are assigned to the keyboard in the layer. This is proceeded by the "pitch" block, which determines how the "keymap" is pitched across the keyboard. Following the "algorithm" section is an amplifier block (and a dedicated multi-mode envelope to modulate the gain of the sound over time) and, finally, an "output" block that determines which group of outputs (there are four output groups on the rack version, two on the keyboard version) the sound is assigned to and how it is panned between the two outputs in a stereo group. In essence, therefore, we have:
[keymap] - [pitch] - [algorithm] - [amp] - [output]
Up to 32 layers can make up a "program", [N.B.: 32 layers are only possible on the PC3 series, not the K2xxx series] similar to a "patch" on other synthesizers. Within a program, each layer can have independent settings in all of the various blocks, including different algorithms, pan positions, output mappings, etc. Modulation sources can be routed to almost all of these, and can be independently assigned within a layer and between layers. Thus using a particular modulation source in one "block" does not exclude it from being used elsewhere (for instance you could assign keystroke velocity to control, say, filter frequency cutoff and resonance in one layer, while in another it can be assigned to control pitch or pan position).
There are 31 algorithms available in the K2000, the allowed DSP functions for each algorithm are detailed in section 26 of the K2000 user manual. For example, algorithm 9 can be configured as follows:
[SAW]-[SW+SHP]-[LP2RES]-[AMP]
Adding this to the basic patch layout shown above gives:
[keymap] - [pitch] - [SAW] - [SW+SHP] - [LP2RES] - [AMP] - [amp] - [output]
The DSP functions are described in detail in section 14 of the K2000 user manual. In this particular example, the sample mapped to the keyboard via the keymap block does not sound; instead a sawtooth wave will be combined with another sawtooth wave and fed through the "shaper" (which, in essence, allows one wave to frequency modulate another), then through a 2-pole lowpass filter with a fixed resonance, and finally through two gain stages to the output.
At each point in the pipeline there are parameters that can be modulated by control sources. These parameters vary depending on which "block" is being modulated. For instance, for the [SAW] DSP block the user can assign various modulations sources to modulate the pitch of the sawtooth wave. There are, generally speaking, three sources that can be assigned to modulate a parameter. In the case of the [SAW] DSP block, the user can specify a starting pitch and determine how the pitch will track across the keyboard by specifying the amount of modulation supplied by each key in cents (via "Keytrk", or key track). The user can also assign modulation sources to "Src1" and "Src2" and specify the depth of the modulation amount (for "Src1", the user can specify "Depth". for "Src2", "MinDpt" and "MaxDpt"). Additionally, "Src2" has a "Dptctl" (depth control) parameter—a control source that will determine how much the control source assigned to "Src2" will modulate the parameter. For example, a user may assign a key tracking value of 100 cents (causing a keyboard controller to play a 12-tone Western scale), assign "Src1" to a knob on a MIDI controller with a "Depth" value of 1200 cents (to tune the whole keyboard up or down by an octave), and assign "Src2" to be modulated by "LFO1". Further, the "MinDpt" and "MaxDpt" can be set to -100 cents and 100 cents respectively, and the "Dptctrl" can be assigned to another knob on a MIDI controller. This would provide a "vibrato" effect whose speed is controlled by "LFO1" (or low-frequency oscillator) and whose depth is controlled by the assigned MIDI control.
Some DSP blocks take up two or three slots, and each of those slots represents a value that can be modulated using one of the assignable control sources. For instance, the "4POLE LOPASS W/ SEP" (actually two 2-pole lowpass filters which can operate in unison or at different frequencies) DSP block takes up 3 slots. The first is used to set the frequency for the filter, the second to set the resonance, and the third to set the "separation" between the two 2-pole filters. Just as in the case of the [SAW] DSP block, each of those parameters can be modulated by three control sources.
A discussion of V.A.S.T. would not be complete without mentioning "FUNs". "FUN" stands for "function", and these are mathematical equations that take two values (a and b) as inputs and perform an operation on them. FUN equations include "a+b", "a*b", "b/(1-a)", and many others of varying complexity. They also allow for self-modulation; some FUNs introduce a variable "y" which represents the most recent output of the FUN. The Kurzweil evaluates each FUN every 20 milliseconds, hence it can take that value and plug it back into the equation if the equation has "y" as an input variable. Any modulation source can be assigned to a or b (or both at the same time) in a FUN. This can be used to mix two modulation sources, cause one to multiply the effects of another, and so forth. Internally, the K2000 rescales whatever value is currently being sent by the control source to a number between -1 and 1 (for bipolar control sources. Unipolar sources are scaled between 0 and 1), then applies the function and returns an output value. Using FUNS, therefore, more than three control sources can be assigned to modulate a parameter in a block since you can assign a FUN as a modulation source for "Src1", "Src2", or "Dptctl". Four FUNs are available per layer and FUNs can be assigned as inputs to other FUNs. The Kurzweil evaluates the FUNs sequentially, hence for this to work you would want to assign FUN1 as an input to FUN2, but not vice-versa.
A program can be set to run in "global" mode as well. In this mode, certain modulation sources can affect all layers in a program instead of just affecting the current layer. Among other effects, in "global" mode the global LFO will always be running, instead of starting when a key is pressed. The behavior of other global modulation sources may also change in this mode.
V.A.S.T. includes a number of control sources. There are two LFOs ("LFO1" and "LFO2") with a user-assignable wave shape and frequency modulation source. "AMPENV" is the main ASDR (attack-sustain-decay-release) control source for the final amplifier in a layer and has multiple attack, decay, and release segments. "ENV1" and "ENV2" are bipolar envelopes, and "ASR1" and "ASR2" are two more unipolar envelopes. All of these can be set to loop for a fixed or infinite number of cycles, and the loop start and end points can be set to different stages of the envelopes. Also include are several random-number generators, clocks based on the internal or external MIDI master clock, key and note state, mono and polyphonic aftertouch, etc. A complete list of these can be found in section 25 of the K2000 user manual.
Models
- Kurzweil K2000R - The K2000R is the rack-mount version of the K2000 keyboard. The K2000R can accept the same P-RAM and ROM sound cards as the K2000, although a different sampler option is required to add sampling capabilities. Modules that shipped with the sampling option from the factory are named K2000RS.
- Kurzweil K2VX. A 61 key version of the K2000 which included an expanded ROM sample set (incorporating the Orchestral and Contemporary ROM sound sets) and a factory-installed sampling option.
- Kurzweil K2500 and K2500R. These models marked the introduction (in later versions) of Kurzweil's KDFX effects processor. Kurzweil also introduced a feature called "live mode", allowing the user to modify sound sources patched through the analog inputs of the sampling option in realtime using the VAST process.
- Kurzweil K2600 and K2600R. These models introduced "Triple Mode", allowing three VAST layers to be connected via a set of new algorithms.
- Kurzweil K2661. A 61 key version of the K2600 which included an expanded ROM sample set (incorporating the Orchestral and Contemporary ROM sound sets and a General Midi sound set).
Since the K2661, Kurzweil's "PC" series of synths have become the flagships of their product line, pending the release of a successor to the Kxxxx series of synthesizers:
- Kurzweil PC3. The PC3 introduced "Dynamic V.A.S.T.", or the ability of users to design their own DSP algorithms. Also, Kurzweil included the synthesis engine from their never-released VA-1 virtual analog synthesizer. The PC3 also removes the 3-layer limit of "Triple Mode" (renamed "Cascade Mode"), allowing a user to route a voice through up to 32 VAST layers simultaneously.
- Kurzweil PC3X
Links
- Kurzweil's official website: http://www.kurzweilmusicsystems.com/
- K2000 user manual (via FTP): ftp://ftp.kurzweilmusicsystems.com/pub/Kurzweil/Pro_Products/K2000-K2vx-K2500/K2000-K2vx/Documentation/K2KMAN.ZIP