Kanamycin
Encyclopedia
Kanamycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside
antibiotic
, available in oral, intravenous, and intramuscular forms, and used to treat a wide variety of infection
s. Kanamycin is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus.
subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It induces substantial amounts of mistranslation and indirectly inhibits translocation during protein synthesis.
s include tinnitus or loss of hearing, toxicity to kidneys, and allergic reactions to the drug
.
(e.g., E. coli) which have taken up genes (e.g., of plasmid
s) coupled to a gene coding for kanamycin resistance (primarily Neomycin phosphotransferase II [NPT II/Neo]). Bacteria that have been transformed
with a plasmid containing the kanamycin resistance gene are plated on kanamycin (50-100 ug/ml) containing agar
plates or are grown in media containing kanamycin (50-100 ug/ml). Only the bacteria that have successfully taken up the kanamycin resistance gene become resistant and will grow under these conditions. As a powder kanamycin is white to off-white and is soluble in water (50 mg/ml).
Mammalian cells and other eukaryote
s are screened using G418, a similar aminoglycoside antibiotic, which KanMX confers resistance against.
At least one such gene, Atwbc19 is native to a plant species, of comparatively large size and its coded protein acts in a manner which decreases the possibility of Horizontal Gene Transfer
from the plant to bacteria; it may be incapable of giving resistance to kanamycin to bacteria even if gene transfer occurs.
Aminoglycoside
An aminoglycoside is a molecule or a portion of a molecule composed of amino-modifiedsugars.Several aminoglycosides function as antibiotics that are effective against certain types of bacteria...
antibiotic
Antibiotic
An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic; today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic has come to denote a broader range of...
, available in oral, intravenous, and intramuscular forms, and used to treat a wide variety of infection
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...
s. Kanamycin is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus.
Mechanism
Kanamycin interacts with the 30S30S
30S is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes. It is a complex of ribosomal RNA and ribonucleoproteins that functions in mRNA translation...
subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It induces substantial amounts of mistranslation and indirectly inhibits translocation during protein synthesis.
Side effects
Serious side effectAdverse effect (medicine)
In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.An adverse effect may be termed a "side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. If it results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or...
s include tinnitus or loss of hearing, toxicity to kidneys, and allergic reactions to the drug
Medication
A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine, medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.- Classification :...
.
Use in research
Kanamycin is used in molecular biology as a selective agent most commonly to isolate bacteriaBacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals...
(e.g., E. coli) which have taken up genes (e.g., of plasmid
Plasmid
In microbiology and genetics, a plasmid is a DNA molecule that is separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA. They are double-stranded and, in many cases, circular...
s) coupled to a gene coding for kanamycin resistance (primarily Neomycin phosphotransferase II [NPT II/Neo]). Bacteria that have been transformed
Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane. Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can...
with a plasmid containing the kanamycin resistance gene are plated on kanamycin (50-100 ug/ml) containing agar
Agar
Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance derived from a polysaccharide that accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte red algae. Throughout history into modern times, agar has been chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia and also as a solid substrate to contain culture medium...
plates or are grown in media containing kanamycin (50-100 ug/ml). Only the bacteria that have successfully taken up the kanamycin resistance gene become resistant and will grow under these conditions. As a powder kanamycin is white to off-white and is soluble in water (50 mg/ml).
Mammalian cells and other eukaryote
Eukaryote
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear...
s are screened using G418, a similar aminoglycoside antibiotic, which KanMX confers resistance against.
At least one such gene, Atwbc19 is native to a plant species, of comparatively large size and its coded protein acts in a manner which decreases the possibility of Horizontal Gene Transfer
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer , also lateral gene transfer , is any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism...
from the plant to bacteria; it may be incapable of giving resistance to kanamycin to bacteria even if gene transfer occurs.
External links
Technical Information from kanamycin-evopure.com http://www.kanamycin-evopure.com/Technical.html- Purity Survey: http://www.kanamycin-evopure.com/product.html
- Toxicity Data: http://www.kanamycin-evopure.com/Technical.html
- Working Concentrations: http://www.kanamycin-evopure.com/Working.html
- Kanamycin Impurities: http://www.kanamycin-evopure.com/Kanamycin.html