Jackson Katz
Encyclopedia
Jackson T. Katz is one of America’s leading anti-sexist activists, and experts on violence, media and masculinities. An author, filmmaker, educator and social theorist, Katz has worked in gender violence prevention work with diverse groups of men and boys in sports culture and the military, and his pioneering work in critical media literacy. As the creator and co-founder of the Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) program, he is a key architect of the ‘bystander approach’ to sexual and domestic violence prevention. His videos on the representation of men in media are widely used in the U.S. and around the world.

Background

Katz is a former all-star high school football
American football
American football is a sport played between two teams of eleven with the objective of scoring points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. Known in the United States simply as football, it may also be referred to informally as gridiron football. The ball can be advanced by...

 player who was raised in Swampscott, Massachusetts
Swampscott, Massachusetts
Swampscott is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States located 15 miles up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore. The population is 13,787...

. The first man ever to minor in Women's studies
Women's studies
Women's studies, also known as feminist studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field which explores politics, society and history from an intersectional, multicultural women's perspective...

 at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Katz holds a Master's degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...

, and a Ph.D. in cultural studies and education from UCLA
University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university located in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, USA. It was founded in 1919 as the "Southern Branch" of the University of California and is the second oldest of the ten campuses...

, where he studied with the philosopher and cultural studies scholar Douglas Kellner
Douglas Kellner
Douglas Kellner is a “third generation” critical theorist in the tradition of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, or Frankfurt School. Kellner was an early theorist of the field of critical media literacy and has been a leading theorist of media culture generally...

. A long-time collaborator of media literacy gurus Jean Kilbourne
Jean Kilbourne
Jean Kilbourne, Ed.D. is a feminist author, speaker, and filmmaker who is internationally recognized for her work on the image of women in advertising and her critical studies of alcohol and tobacco advertising...

 and Sut Jhally
Sut Jhally
Satvinder "Sut" Jhally , is a professor of Communication at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is one of the world’s leading experts on cultural studies, advertising, media, and consumption. He is the producer of 40+ documentaries on media literacy topics and the founder and executive...

, Katz also mentored, advised, and still collaborates with filmmaker and masculinity educator, Byron Hurt
Byron Hurt
Byron Patrick Hurt is an American activist and documentary filmmaker.-Biography:Byron Hurt attended Northeastern University, where he played football as a quarterback, and founded God Bless the Child Productions before graduating with a degree in Journalism in 1993...

.

Work

From 1988 to 1998, Katz oversaw Real Men, a grass-roots organization that took charitable and educational action against sexism in Boston

Katz co-founded Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) in 1993 at Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society. MVP has been implemented by hundreds of Division 1, 2 and 3 college athletic programs, numerous NFL teams and Major League Baseball clubs (including the New England Patriots and Boston Red Sox), NASCAR, and the United States Marine Corps. It is the most widely used sexual and domestic violence prevention program in college and professional athletics today.

Through MVP Strategies, a company that Katz founded in 1997, he and his colleagues provide gender violence prevention training and materials to U.S. school districts, municipalities, human service programs, small and large corporations, law enforcement agencies, and military services.

Since 1990, Katz has lectured at over 1200 colleges, universities, public and private high schools, professional conferences and military installations in 47 states, five Canadian provinces and many other countries. He has appeared on a number of television programs including "Good Morning America
Good Morning America
Good Morning America is an American morning news and talk show that is broadcast on the ABC television network; it debuted on November 3, 1975. The weekday program airs for two hours; a third hour aired between 2007 and 2008 exclusively on ABC News Now...

," "The Oprah Winfrey Show
The Oprah Winfrey Show
The Oprah Winfrey Show is an American syndicated talk show hosted and produced by its namesake Oprah Winfrey. It ran nationally for 25 seasons beginning in 1986, before concluding in 2011. It is the highest-rated talk show in American television history....

" and "ABC News 20/20." He has conducted countless workshops, seminars, and trainings in the U.S. and Canada, as well as throughout Europe, and in Australia and Japan.

Katz also consults with educational institutions, non-profits, municipal, state and federal governments and corporations ranging from the World Health Organization to The Liz Claiborne Company about strategies to promote gender equality and prevent gender violence, gay-bashing and other forms of bullying behavior in schools, the workplace and in the larger society. In March 2000, Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen appointed Katz to the U.S. Secretary of Defense's Task Force on Domestic Violence in the Military, where he served from 2000-2003.

Katz currently is an expert consultant to the U.S. Air Force bystander intervention training and also acts as Director of the first global gender violence prevention program in the U.S. Marine Corps. Katz and his colleagues have also conducting trainings for the U.S. Army in Iraq, and MVP has been piloted around the world by the U.S. Navy.

The Bystander Approach

Katz is one of the architects and theorists of the bystander approach to gender violence and bullying prevention. Instead of focusing on women as victims and men as perpetrators of harassment, abuse or violence, the bystander approach concentrates on the role of peers in schools, groups, teams, workplaces and other social units.

In 2009, after an alleged gang rape in Richmond, California where two dozen teenagers watched and did nothing, Newsweek online reported that, “a small but growing group of educators is trying to bring what’s called ‘bystander education’ to American schools. While sexual violence prevention programs have typically focused on the victim (discouraging women from walking alone at night, for example) or the perpetrator (reiterating the fact that no means no), the bystander approach emphasizes the role witnesses can play in either supporting or challenging violence.”

Katz and his colleagues developed one of the first bystander initiatives, the mixed-gender Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) program, in 1993 at Northeastern University’s Center for the Study of Sport in Society. “Most people think they only have two choices for intervention,” says Katz. “One is to intervene physically right at the point of attack, and the other is to do nothing. And that’s a false set of choices.” As part of the MVP program, students sit in a classroom and talk about the menu of options—from getting a group of friends together to calling 911—available to them. At the heart of the program is a set of scenarios that allow students to imagine what they might do in a variety of situations. Each scenario comes with a list of viable interventions for bystanders.

According to Newsweek, research is still needed to determine the effectiveness of bystander-awareness programs in schools, but the initial results are promising. One study found that after the Sioux City School District in Iowa implemented the MVP program, the number of freshman boys who said they could help prevent violence against women and girls increased by 50 percent.

The bystander programs that have proliferated in recent years on college and high school campuses and in the U.S. military involve both sexes and draw from various violence prevention theories and educational practices. The MVP model was influenced by basic tenets of social justice education. This approach is partly based on the premise that men’s silence in the face of other men’s abusive or violent behavior gives “implicit consent” to such behavior.

The MVP bystander approach frames men’s abuse of women as a societal problem whose roots lie in the institutional structures and cultural practices of a male-dominated society. [24] Thus, the MVP approach emphasizes changing social norms as the key to prevention. By challenging men to speak up and “[change] group dynamics in male peer culture,” this bystander model empowers men to step outside of the victim/perpetrator binary and gives men an opportunity to talk about some of the “dynamics of their interpersonal and group interaction in a safe space.”

Media Literacy and Masculinities

In his writings, public lectures, and films, Katz argues that gendered understandings and behavior in every arena from interpersonal relationships to the workplace and even politics are influenced by media and popular culture. Focusing on normative portrayals of men in advertising, television, Hollywood films, the entertainment industries, sports, and politics, Katz calls for an examination of “the poses we strike and the images of masculinity that proliferate in media culture” as a way to “illuminate…what’s going on in individual men’s lives, and in our culture as a whole.”

Katz further maintains that in spite of variability due to such categories as class, race and ethnicity, “violence in America is overwhelmingly a gendered phenomenon,” shaped by “cultural codes and ideals of masculinity and manhood.” He argues that “masculinity” and “femininity” are socially constructed categories, and thus the “disturbing equation of masculinity with pathological control and violence” that currently exists in America is not genetically predetermined and can be changed.” In the “Tough Guise” study guide, co-written with the video producer Jeremy Earp of the Media Education Foundation, Katz underscores his motivation for promoting media literacy: “By looking critically at how institutions – from media outlets to political institutions to our schools – often play a role in reinforcing constricted, regressive notions of manhood that maintain an unacceptably violent status quo, we might begin to clear some space for individuals, male and female, to live freer lives.”

Katz collaborated with the feminist media literacy pioneer Jean Kilbourne on “Spin the Bottle: sex, lies and alcohol,” a video produced by Ronit Ridberg that examines media representations of gender and sexuality in beer commercials, Hollywood films and other media. He also collaborated with Media Education Foundation founder Sut Jhally on “Wrestling With Manhood,” a video that analyzes the gender and sexual politics of professional wrestling.

Cultural Studies Analysis of Presidential Masculinities

Katz’s work on images of masculinity in media extends to his examination of “a crucial but barely explored topic of cultural studies analysis: the role of media culture in the construction of presidential masculinity.” Katz posits that “media have become the single most important source of political information and persuasion,” and that “education for democracy in this era requires citizens to be media literate.”

According to Katz, part of being politically media literate means understanding how gender functions as a sub-textual force in presidential politics. He asks questions such as “how does the perceived ‘manliness’ or ‘toughness’ of political candidates affect their electoral success? To what degree is the gender gap in presidential politics affected by men’s gendered identities and sense of themselves as men, which itself is reinforced by media discourses and portrayals? How does paid political advertising on television – by far the biggest expenditure of funds in presidential campaigns – shape voters’ perceptions of the relative ‘manliness’ of candidates? What are the similarities and differences between how women and men ascertain whether male political figures measure up to the ‘masculine ideal’ that is circulating in media culture at a given historical moment? Which mediated (white) masculine styles or archetypes have been politically successful over the past fifty years, and why?”

In an article about the Barack Obama-Hillary Clinton race for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008, Katz responded to pundits and other political observers who decried the media focus on race and gender when other crucial issues loomed. “Presidential elections are always about race and gender. The reason people are talking about them now is that a black man and a (white) woman are serious contenders for a major party nomination. Their success is making visible what historically has been hidden in plain sight.”

“Campaigns for the U.S. presidency in the era of mass media,” he wrote, “always turn on the personality and style of candidates, their skills at televisual performance, their race and gender, and how all of these interact with questions of national identity at a given historical moment. The biggest difference this time is that the Democratic nominee will not embody and hence reinforce the dominant position of white masculinity in the race/gender system.”

Katz further maintained that, “Presidential contests until now have been contests between men. Men were the gender that mattered. No matter how qualified by intelligence, leadership ability or experience, women were not seriously considered for the top job in government, and everyone knew it. Their gender prevented people from seeing them as ‘presidential.’ If there is one thing that truly represents ‘change’ in this historic election season it is the change in what it means to appear ‘presidential.’ In the past, whether a candidate was a Republican or Democrat, conservative, centrist or liberal, their race and gender were predetermined. They were inevitably – and invariably – white and a man.”

For Katz, violence also plays an important role in shaping political discourse and in the voters’ choice of whom to support for president. “How much of the white male vote is determined by impressions about the relative ‘manliness’ or ‘toughness’ of candidates or political parties hasn’t been quantified,” Katz writes. “But there is no doubt that for several decades violence—both our individual and collective vulnerability to it, and questions about when and how to use the violent power of the state to protect the ‘national interest’— has been an ominous and omnipresent factor in numerous foreign policy and domestic political issues (e.g. the Cold War, Vietnam, the ‘War on Terror,’ and the invasion of Iraq, as well as gun control, and executive, legislative and judicial responses to violent crime).”

In several articles Katz analyzes and comments on “the pervasive use of sports metaphors in presidential discourse and how the language of sport functions to construct a masculine ideal for leadership at the heights of political power.” He points out that “the two most ‘metaphorically influential’ sports in presidential campaign rhetoric are boxing and football…not coincidentally, both are violent sports that attract a disproportionate percentage of male participants and fans.”

“The frequent use of boxing and football metaphors in political discourse did not cause violence to become an important force in our politics, but this usage is one measure of how presidential campaigns in the mass media era are less about policy differences and complex political agendas than they are about the selling of a certain kind of executive masculinity, embodied until the historic 2008 election in a particular white man whom the public comes to know largely through television and other technologies of mass communication.”

Katz also comments on implications for female candidates. He writes, “One of 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin’s most-quoted lines on the campaign trail in the fall of 2008 was ‘The heels are on, the gloves are off,’ which she typically delivered to wild cheers of approval. In coming years, when this historic campaign and those yet to come are analyzed, it will be particularly interesting to see how female and male voters respond to language where a woman throws the ‘knockout punch.’ Does this masculinize and thus help to make them more credible as potential commanders-in-chief? Or do women who are seen as “too-aggressive” – even if only in a metaphorical sense – turn voters off? What are the differences between how the sexes view a woman ‘throwing punches’ if she’s a conservative (like Palin) or a liberal feminist (like Hillary Clinton?).”

Documentaries

Katz is the creator and co-creator of award-winning educational videos for high school and college students, all produced and distributed by the Media Education Foundation:
  • Tough Guise: Men, Violence and the Crisis in Masculinity (with Sut Jhally
    Sut Jhally
    Satvinder "Sut" Jhally , is a professor of Communication at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is one of the world’s leading experts on cultural studies, advertising, media, and consumption. He is the producer of 40+ documentaries on media literacy topics and the founder and executive...

    ) (1999) (trailer). Named one of the Top Ten Young Adult Videos for 2000 by the American Library Association
  • Wrestling with Manhood: Boys, Bullying & Battering (with Sut Jhally
    Sut Jhally
    Satvinder "Sut" Jhally , is a professor of Communication at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is one of the world’s leading experts on cultural studies, advertising, media, and consumption. He is the producer of 40+ documentaries on media literacy topics and the founder and executive...

    ) (2002) (trailer).
  • Spin the Bottle: Sex, Lies, and Alcohol, (with Jean Kilbourne
    Jean Kilbourne
    Jean Kilbourne, Ed.D. is a feminist author, speaker, and filmmaker who is internationally recognized for her work on the image of women in advertising and her critical studies of alcohol and tobacco advertising...

    ) (2004) (trailer).


He is also featured in numerous documentaries such as Byron Hurt’s “Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes” (2007) (trailer) Thomas Keith’s “Generation M: Misogyny in Media and Culture” (2008) (trailer).

Writings

As a social theorist and independent scholar/journalist, Katz has published many articles in academic journals, anthologies, and text readers. His pieces cover topics such as the intersections of race and gender in the representation of masculinity, advertising, secondary educational leadership, right-wing talk radio, Mel Gibson, athletes and gender violence, media discourse about violence, masculinities and violence, presidential masculinities, and Jewish masculinity.

Katz’s book, The Macho Paradox: Why Some Men Hurt Women and How All Men Can Help, (2006),
ISBN 978-1-4022-0401-2 ISBN 1-4022-0401-9, was published by Sourcebooks in 2006.

Katz currently blogs for the Huffington Post.

Awards & Honors

  • Keynote at Rio Global Symposium to Engage Men in Gender Equality and Gender Violence Prevention (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2009)
  • 21 Leaders for the 21st Century, Women’s e-News (New York City, NY, 2008)
  • Challenge and Change Award, Men’s Resource Center for Change (Amherst, MA, 2007)
  • Violence Prevention/Humanitarian Award, Los Angeles Commission on Assaults Against Women (Los Angeles, CA, 2005)
  • Lifetime Achievement Award, San Diego Domestic Violence Council (San Diego, CA, 2002)

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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