Isotopes of rhenium
Encyclopedia
Naturally occurring rhenium
(Re) is 37.4% 185Re, which is stable
, and 62.6% 187Re, which is unstable
but has a very long half-life
(41.2×109 years). Among elements with a known stable isotope, only indium
and tellurium similarly occur with a stable isotope in lower abundance than the long-lived radioactive isotope.
There are 33 other unstable isotopes recognized, the longest-lived of which are 183Re with a half-life of 70 days, 184Re with a half-life of 38 days, 186Re with a half-life of 3.7186 days, 182Re with a half-life of 64.0 hours, and 189Re with a half-life of 24.3 hours. There are also numerous isomers
, the longest-lived of which are 186mRe with a half-life of 200,000 years and 184mRe with a half-life of 169 days. All others have half-lives less than a day.
Standard atomic mass: 186.207(1) u
Rhenium
Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an average concentration of 1 part per billion , rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has...
(Re) is 37.4% 185Re, which is stable
Stable isotope
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that may or may not be radioactive, but if radioactive, have half-lives too long to be measured.Only 90 nuclides from the first 40 elements are energetically stable to any kind of decay save proton decay, in theory...
, and 62.6% 187Re, which is unstable
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy available to be imparted either to a newly created radiation particle within the nucleus or to an atomic electron. The radionuclide, in this process, undergoes radioactive decay, and emits gamma...
but has a very long half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
(41.2×109 years). Among elements with a known stable isotope, only indium
Indium
Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible post-transition metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows the intermediate properties between these two...
and tellurium similarly occur with a stable isotope in lower abundance than the long-lived radioactive isotope.
There are 33 other unstable isotopes recognized, the longest-lived of which are 183Re with a half-life of 70 days, 184Re with a half-life of 38 days, 186Re with a half-life of 3.7186 days, 182Re with a half-life of 64.0 hours, and 189Re with a half-life of 24.3 hours. There are also numerous isomers
Nuclear isomer
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons . "Metastable" refers to the fact that these excited states have half-lives more than 100 to 1000 times the half-lives of the other possible excited nuclear states...
, the longest-lived of which are 186mRe with a half-life of 200,000 years and 184mRe with a half-life of 169 days. All others have half-lives less than a day.
Standard atomic mass: 186.207(1) u
Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.... ) |
N(n Neutron The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of... ) |
isotopic mass (u) |
half-lifeBold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable) | decay mode(s)Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... IT: Isomeric transition Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
daughter isotope(s)Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe Age of the universe The age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang posited by the most widely accepted scientific model of cosmology. The best current estimate of the age of the universe is 13.75 ± 0.13 billion years within the Lambda-CDM concordance model... ) |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||||
| 160Re | 75 | 85 | 159.98212(43)# | 860(120) µs [0.82(+15-9) ms] |
p Proton emission Proton emission is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state of very... (91%) |
159W | (2-) | ||
| α Alpha decay Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less... (9%) |
156Ta | ||||||||
| 161Re | 75 | 86 | 160.97759(22) | 0.37(4) ms | p | 160W | 1/2+ | ||
| 161mRe | 123.8(13) keV | 15.6(9) ms | α | 157Ta | 11/2- | ||||
| 162Re | 75 | 87 | 161.97600(22)# | 107(13) ms | α (94%) | 158Ta | (2-) | ||
| β+ Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a... (6%) |
162W | ||||||||
| 162mRe | 173(10) keV | 77(9) ms | α (91%) | 158Ta | (9+) | ||||
| β+ (9%) | 162W | ||||||||
| 163Re | 75 | 88 | 162.972081(21) | 390(70) ms | β+ (68%) | 163W | (1/2+) | ||
| α (32%) | 159Ta | ||||||||
| 163mRe | 115(4) keV | 214(5) ms | α (66%) | 159Ta | (11/2-) | ||||
| β+ (34%) | 163W | ||||||||
| 164Re | 75 | 89 | 163.97032(17)# | 0.53(23) s | α (58%) | 160Ta | high | ||
| β+ (42%) | 164W | ||||||||
| 164mRe | 120(120)# keV | 530(230) ms | (2#)- | ||||||
| 165Re | 75 | 90 | 164.967089(30) | 1# s | β+ | 165W | 1/2+# | ||
| α | 161Ta | ||||||||
| 165mRe | 47(26) keV | 2.1(3) s | β+ (87%) | 165W | 11/2-# | ||||
| α (13%) | 161Ta | ||||||||
| 166Re | 75 | 91 | 165.96581(9)# | 2# s | β+ | 166W | 2-# | ||
| α | 162Ta | ||||||||
| 167Re | 75 | 92 | 166.96260(6)# | 3.4(4) s | α | 163Ta | 9/2-# | ||
| β+ | 167W | ||||||||
| 167mRe | 130(40)# keV | 5.9(3) s | β+ (99.3%) | 167W | 1/2+# | ||||
| α (.7%) | 163Ta | ||||||||
| 168Re | 75 | 93 | 167.96157(3) | 4.4(1) s | β+ (99.99%) | 168W | (5+,6+,7+) | ||
| α (.005%) | 164Ta | ||||||||
| 168mRe | non-exist | 6.6(15) s | |||||||
| 169Re | 75 | 94 | 168.95879(3) | 8.1(5) s | β+ (99.99%) | 169W | 9/2-# | ||
| α (.005%) | 165Ta | ||||||||
| 169mRe | 145(29) keV | 15.1(15) s | β+ (99.8%) | 169W | 1/2+# | ||||
| α (.2%) | 164Ta | ||||||||
| 170Re | 75 | 95 | 169.958220(28) | 9.2(2) s | β+ (99.99%) | 170W | (5+) | ||
| α (.01%) | 166Ta | ||||||||
| 171Re | 75 | 96 | 170.95572(3) | 15.2(4) s | β+ | 171W | (9/2-) | ||
| 172Re | 75 | 97 | 171.95542(6) | 15(3) s | β+ | 172W | (5) | ||
| 172mRe | 0(100)# keV | 55(5) s | β+ | 172W | (2) | ||||
| 173Re | 75 | 98 | 172.95324(3) | 1.98(26) min | β+ | 173W | (5/2-) | ||
| 174Re | 75 | 99 | 173.95312(3) | 2.40(4) min | β+ | 174W | |||
| 175Re | 75 | 100 | 174.95138(3) | 5.89(5) min | β+ | 175W | (5/2-) | ||
| 176Re | 75 | 101 | 175.95162(3) | 5.3(3) min | β+ | 176W | 3+ | ||
| 177Re | 75 | 102 | 176.95033(3) | 14(1) min | β+ | 177W | 5/2- | ||
| 177mRe | 84.71(10) keV | 50(10) µs | 5/2+ | ||||||
| 178Re | 75 | 103 | 177.95099(3) | 13.2(2) min | β+ | 178W | (3+) | ||
| 179Re | 75 | 104 | 178.949988(26) | 19.5(1) min | β+ | 179W | (5/2)+ | ||
| 179m1Re | 65.39(9) keV | 95(25) µs | (5/2-) | ||||||
| 179m2Re | 1684.59(14)+Y keV | >0.4 µs | (23/2+) | ||||||
| 180Re | 75 | 105 | 179.950789(23) | 2.44(6) min | β+ | 180W | (1)- | ||
| 181Re | 75 | 106 | 180.950068(14) | 19.9(7) h | β+ | 181W | 5/2+ | ||
| 182Re | 75 | 107 | 181.95121(11) | 64.0(5) h | β+ | 182W | 7+ | ||
| 182m1Re | 60(100) keV | 12.7(2) h | β+ | 182W | 2+ | ||||
| 182m2Re | 235.736(10)+X keV | 585(21) ns | 2- | ||||||
| 182m3Re | 461.3(1)+X keV | 0.78(9) µs | (4-) | ||||||
| 183Re | 75 | 108 | 182.950820(9) | 70.0(14) d | EC Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... |
183W | 5/2+ | ||
| 183mRe | 1907.6(3) keV | 1.04(4) ms | IT Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
183Re | (25/2+) | ||||
| 184Re | 75 | 109 | 183.952521(5) | 38.0(5) d | β+ | 184W | 3(-) | ||
| 184mRe | 188.01(4) keV | 169(8) d | IT (75.4%) | 184Re | 8(+) | ||||
| β+ (24.6%) | 184W | ||||||||
| 185Re | 75 | 110 | 184.9529550(13) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 181Ta | 5/2+ | 0.3740(2) | |||
| 185mRe | 2124(2) keV | 123(23) ns | (21/2) | ||||||
| 186Re | 75 | 111 | 185.9549861(13) | 3.7186(5) d | β- (93.1%) | 186Os | 1- | ||
| EC (6.9%) | 186W | ||||||||
| 186mRe | 149(7) keV | 2.0(5)×105 a | IT (90%) | 186Re | (8+) | ||||
| β- (10%) | 186Os | ||||||||
| 187Reprimordial Primordial nuclide In geochemistry and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides or primordial isotopes are nuclides found on the earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Only 288 such nuclides are known... radionuclide Radionuclide A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy available to be imparted either to a newly created radiation particle within the nucleus or to an atomic electron. The radionuclide, in this process, undergoes radioactive decay, and emits gamma... Used in rhenium-osmium dating Rhenium-osmium dating Rhenium-Osmium dating is a form of radiometric dating based on the beta decay of the isotope 187Re to 187Os. This normally occurs with a half-life of 41.6 × 109 y, but studies using fully ionised 187Re atoms have found that this can decrease to only 33 y... |
75 | 112 | 186.9557531(15) | 41.2(2)×109 aCan undergo Bound-state β- decay with a half-life of 33 years when fully ion Ion An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass between electrodes in a... ized |
β- (99.99%) | 187Os | 5/2+ | 0.6260(2) | |
| α (10−4%) | 183Ta | ||||||||
| 188Re | 75 | 113 | 187.9581144(15) | 17.0040(22) h | β- | 188Os | 1- | ||
| 188mRe | 172.069(9) keV | 18.59(4) min | IT | 188Re | (6)- | ||||
| 189Re | 75 | 114 | 188.959229(9) | 24.3(4) h | β- | 189Os | 5/2+ | ||
| 190Re | 75 | 115 | 189.96182(16) | 3.1(3) min | β- | 190Os | (2)- | ||
| 190mRe | 210(50) keV | 3.2(2) h | β- (54.4%) | 190Os | (6-) | ||||
| IT (45.6%) | 190Re | ||||||||
| 191Re | 75 | 116 | 190.963125(11) | 9.8(5) min | β- | 191Os | (3/2+,1/2+) | ||
| 192Re | 75 | 117 | 191.96596(21)# | 16(1) s | β- | 192Os | |||
| 193Re | 75 | 118 | 192.96747(21)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | 5/2+# | ||||
| 194Re | 75 | 119 | 193.97042(32)# | 2# s [>300 ns] | |||||