Humanitarian Law Center
Encyclopedia
Humanitarian Law Center (Fond za Humanitarno pravo) is a non-governmental organisation with offices in Belgrade
, Serbia
, and Pristina
, Kosovo
. It was founded in 1992, by Nataša Kandić
, to document human rights violations being perpetrated across the former Yugoslavia in armed conflicts in Croatia
and Bosnia and Herzegovina
and later Kosovo. In the post-conflict era, HLC has continued working for the rights of victims of war crimes and social injustice, investigating the truth and pursuing justice on their behalf, working to obtain material and symbolic reparation, and campaigning to secure the removal of known perpetrators from state institutions and other positions of authority.
HLC works across national boundaries to assist post-conflict societies within the region re-establish the rule of law and deal with past human rights abuses. The Regional Commission (RECOM) initiative is an important part of HLC's regionally-based activity. HLC also implements a victim-oriented Transitional Justice programme with three principal components: a) documentation and memorialisation, b) the pursuit of justice and institutional reform, and c) public information and outreach.
Within Serbia HLC campaigns to ensure that state institutions fulfil their obligations to investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators of war crimes and human rights abuses, to provide victims, their families and society with reliable information about the events that led to crimes and abuses, to secure adequate compensation for victims and to bring about the reform of law enforcement agencies, state security bodies and the military forces.
At the First Regional Forum on Transitional Justice in Sarajevo in May 2006 HLC and other human rights NGOs launched a joint initiative to establish a Regional Commission to determine and disclose the facts about war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia (RECOM). Regional consultations involving young people, artists, media, human rights NGOs, victims, associations of victims and associations of war veterans took place between May 2006 and October 2008 across the Western Balkans and two more Regional Forums were held in Zagreb and Belgrade. At the Fourth Regional Forum held in October 2008 in Pristina, Kosovo, than 100 organizations and individuals, including victims and victim associations from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia and associations of citizens, human rights NGOs, media associations, and other civil society groups from across the region came together to form the Regional Coalition for RECOM.
The Regional Coalition is carrying out consultations with civil society about RECOM's mandate and character and working to develop a model structure for RECOM. It is campaigning to collect one million signatures supporting the establishment of RECOM and calling on national governments in the region to support the establishment of RECOM.
In August/September 2010 RECOM representatives held meetings with the Croatian president Ivo Josipovic
and Serbian president Boris Tadic
who expressed their support and enthusiasm for the initiative.
, a retired Major General of the Yugoslav Army, current deputy speaker of the Serbian National Assembly and senior official of the Serbian Radical Party, and another ten members of the Yugoslav Army relating to the massacre at Trnje/Termje
, Kosovo, on 25 March 1999, in which members of the 549th Motorised Brigade under Delić’s command killed 42 Albanian civilians, including children, women and elderly people. In April 2008 the submission of evidence by HLC about war crimes committed in Lovas
, Croatia, led to the Belgrade War Crimes Chamber began the trial of 14 indictees for their alleged role in the killing of 70 Croatian civilians in the first war crimes trial of former Yugoslav National Army officers.
In 2007 HLC obtained the opening of an investigation into the murder of 700 Bosniaks in Zvornik
in 1992. HLC published the full transcript of the trial of Slobodan Milosevic
at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
(ICTY) in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian and provided copies to prosecutors offices, courts, judges, and lawyers throughout the Western Balkans in order to facilitate war crimes trials in the region.
In 2006 HLC secured the removal from office of the Head of the Serbian Police War Crimes Investigation Unit and two colleagues who had occupied positions with the Ministry of Interior during the time of the armed conflict in Kosovo, knew or should have known about crimes that were being committed and had failed to prevent or report them.
In 2005 HLC provided the ICTY with the notorious video tape showing members of the Scorpions, a unit of the Serbian Interior Ministry, executing six Muslims from Srebrenica in cold blood at Trnovo. The release of the tape shocked the Serbian public with its revelation of Serbia’s involvement in the war crimes committed at Srebrenica.
In 2004 HLC established its Victim-Witness Support Programme to encourage and support hesitant witnesses testify in war crimes proceedings before the Serbian courts.
The register is based on analysis of documents including newspaper reports from the period, publications, court documents (ICTY and regional courts), associations of veterans and families of the dead, etc. and interviews with eye-witnesses or family members of individuals who lost their lives. By the end of 2010 HLC researchers had interviewed a total of 411 witnesses and family members and analysed 5,381 documents and from these sources had compiled a list of 2,321 citizens of Serbia and Montenegro who were killed or disappeared in the wars of the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1995.
As of 16 October 2008 HLC had recorded 13,472 victims in Kosovo between 1998 and 2000. The victims included 9,260 Albanians, 2,488 Serbs, 470 members of other ethnicities, and 1,254 had not been identified. Information concerning 8,879 of the victims had been fully processed, including details of the circumstances of death or disappearance. All had been living in Kosovo between January 1998 and December 2000. Of the 4,593 victims still to be fully processed, 1,666 were Serbs (686 members of the army or police, 590 civilians and 390 of unknown status), 1,553 ethnic Albanians and 120 members of other ethnic communities; the ethnicity of the remaining 1,254 victims was still unconfirmed. HLC repudiated media reports that 12,000 Serb victims had been registered.
HLC had been provided with information by the Serbian Missing Persons Commission and in September 2008 the Serbian Ministry of Defence provided information about army members who disappeared or were killed in Kosovo. However the Interior Ministry had been unwilling to provide information about murdered or missing police officers.
HLC had initially estimated that 8,000-10,000 Albanians were killed and 2,000-2,500 Serbs, Roma, Bosniaks and other non-Albanians during the Kosovo conflict. As of 22 May 22nd 2009, the International Committee of Red Cross recorded 1,906 individuals from all ethnic groups who were still considered missing.
Teams of researchers have conducted research in Kosovo and Serbia, interviewing witnesses, family members and other persons with knowledge of the circumstances in which victims disappeared or were killed and collecting documents and photographs of victims, graves, monuments etc. The research findings are analysed and used to add to or update the records in the war crimes database.
From 1 September 2007 until 31 August 31st 2009, 4874 records were created documenting the fate of 8752 victims. The total number of victims recorded in HLC’s database of victims is 13,790, including 3,562 victims of documented mass crimes. To date HLC recorded and described the fate of 7.636 Albanians, 845 Serbs, 109 Roma, 64 Bosniaks, 34 Montenegrins, 22 Ashkali, six Gorani, 13 Kosovo Egyptians, six Turks, two Russians, one Croat, two Hungarians, one Macedonian, one Bulgarian, one Ruthenian, two Slovenians, one Yugoslav, and six victims of undetermined nationality.
.
Belgrade
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe...
, Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
, and Pristina
Pristina
Pristina, also spelled Prishtina and Priština is the capital and largest city of Kosovo. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous municipality and district....
, Kosovo
Kosovo
Kosovo is a region in southeastern Europe. Part of the Ottoman Empire for more than five centuries, later the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija within Serbia...
. It was founded in 1992, by Nataša Kandić
Nataša Kandic
Nataša Kandić is a Serbian human rights activist and the founder and executive director of Humanitarian Law Center , an organisation campaigning for human rights and reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia.- Work :After finishing her studies in Sociology, Nataša Kandić became...
, to document human rights violations being perpetrated across the former Yugoslavia in armed conflicts in Croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
and later Kosovo. In the post-conflict era, HLC has continued working for the rights of victims of war crimes and social injustice, investigating the truth and pursuing justice on their behalf, working to obtain material and symbolic reparation, and campaigning to secure the removal of known perpetrators from state institutions and other positions of authority.
General human rights activities
Humanitarian Law Center (HLC) was founded in 1992 by Nataša Kandić. It aims to assist the successor states of the former Yugoslavia establish the rule of law and come to terms with the large-scale human rights abuses committed during armed conflicts in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo in particular, prevent the recurrence of such crimes, ensure perpetrators of war crimes are brought to justice and promote the cause of justice.HLC works across national boundaries to assist post-conflict societies within the region re-establish the rule of law and deal with past human rights abuses. The Regional Commission (RECOM) initiative is an important part of HLC's regionally-based activity. HLC also implements a victim-oriented Transitional Justice programme with three principal components: a) documentation and memorialisation, b) the pursuit of justice and institutional reform, and c) public information and outreach.
Within Serbia HLC campaigns to ensure that state institutions fulfil their obligations to investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators of war crimes and human rights abuses, to provide victims, their families and society with reliable information about the events that led to crimes and abuses, to secure adequate compensation for victims and to bring about the reform of law enforcement agencies, state security bodies and the military forces.
Regional cooperation and the RECOM initiative
The Humanitarian Law Center advocates a regional approach to transitional justice in the Western Balkans. Documenting and prosecuting war crimes in the countries affected by the conflicts of the former Yugoslavia involves obtaining information from other countries; perpetrators, victims and witnesses now often live on opposite sides of national frontiers.At the First Regional Forum on Transitional Justice in Sarajevo in May 2006 HLC and other human rights NGOs launched a joint initiative to establish a Regional Commission to determine and disclose the facts about war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia (RECOM). Regional consultations involving young people, artists, media, human rights NGOs, victims, associations of victims and associations of war veterans took place between May 2006 and October 2008 across the Western Balkans and two more Regional Forums were held in Zagreb and Belgrade. At the Fourth Regional Forum held in October 2008 in Pristina, Kosovo, than 100 organizations and individuals, including victims and victim associations from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia and associations of citizens, human rights NGOs, media associations, and other civil society groups from across the region came together to form the Regional Coalition for RECOM.
The Regional Coalition is carrying out consultations with civil society about RECOM's mandate and character and working to develop a model structure for RECOM. It is campaigning to collect one million signatures supporting the establishment of RECOM and calling on national governments in the region to support the establishment of RECOM.
In August/September 2010 RECOM representatives held meetings with the Croatian president Ivo Josipovic
Ivo Josipović
Ivo Josipović is a Croatian politician who has been President of Croatia since 2010. Josipović entered politics as a member of the League of Communists of Croatia , and played a key role in the democratic transformation of this party as the author of the first statute of the SDP that replaced the...
and Serbian president Boris Tadic
Boris Tadic
Boris Tadić is the President of Serbia and leader of the Democratic Party. He was elected to a five-year term on 27 June 2004, and was sworn into office on 11 July. He was re-elected for a de facto second five-year term on 3 February 2008 and was sworn in on 15 February...
who expressed their support and enthusiasm for the initiative.
Specific achievements
In March 2009, former members of the 37th Special Police Unit (PJP) of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Serbia (MUP Serbia) were arrested on the basis of information and evidence acquired by HLC about the unit's participation in large-scale war crimes in Kosovo. In May 2008, HLC filed criminal charges against Božidar DelićBožidar Delić
Božidar Delić is a retired general of the Army of Yugoslavia and the current vice president of Serbian parliament....
, a retired Major General of the Yugoslav Army, current deputy speaker of the Serbian National Assembly and senior official of the Serbian Radical Party, and another ten members of the Yugoslav Army relating to the massacre at Trnje/Termje
Trnje/Termje
Trnje/Termje is a village in the municipality of Suva Reka/Suharekë, Kosovo.On 25 March 1999 the village was the site of a massacre of 42 Albanian civilians, including children, women and elderly people, by members of the 549th Motorised Brigade of the Yugoslav Army, under the command of Major...
, Kosovo, on 25 March 1999, in which members of the 549th Motorised Brigade under Delić’s command killed 42 Albanian civilians, including children, women and elderly people. In April 2008 the submission of evidence by HLC about war crimes committed in Lovas
Lovas
Lovas is a village and seat of municipality in the Vukovar-Srijem county of eastern Croatia, located on the slopes of Fruška Gora, a few kilometers south of the main road connecting Vukovar with Ilok. Lovas has a population of 1,167 , and its municipality also includes the smaller village of...
, Croatia, led to the Belgrade War Crimes Chamber began the trial of 14 indictees for their alleged role in the killing of 70 Croatian civilians in the first war crimes trial of former Yugoslav National Army officers.
In 2007 HLC obtained the opening of an investigation into the murder of 700 Bosniaks in Zvornik
Zvornik
Zvornik is a city on the Drina river in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located south of the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town Mali Zvornik lies directly across the river in Serbia, and not far north is Loznica.-History:Zvornik is first mentioned in 1410, although it was...
in 1992. HLC published the full transcript of the trial of Slobodan Milosevic
Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević was President of Serbia and Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000...
at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or ICTY, is a...
(ICTY) in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian and provided copies to prosecutors offices, courts, judges, and lawyers throughout the Western Balkans in order to facilitate war crimes trials in the region.
In 2006 HLC secured the removal from office of the Head of the Serbian Police War Crimes Investigation Unit and two colleagues who had occupied positions with the Ministry of Interior during the time of the armed conflict in Kosovo, knew or should have known about crimes that were being committed and had failed to prevent or report them.
In 2005 HLC provided the ICTY with the notorious video tape showing members of the Scorpions, a unit of the Serbian Interior Ministry, executing six Muslims from Srebrenica in cold blood at Trnovo. The release of the tape shocked the Serbian public with its revelation of Serbia’s involvement in the war crimes committed at Srebrenica.
In 2004 HLC established its Victim-Witness Support Programme to encourage and support hesitant witnesses testify in war crimes proceedings before the Serbian courts.
Register of Serbian and Montenegrin victims 1991-1995
In January 2009 began to research and compile a register of individual citizens of Serbia and Montenegro who were killed or disappeared during the armed conflicts in Slovenia (1991), Croatia (1991–1995) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995) with the aim of creating an objective record of the Serbian and Montenegrin victims of the conflicts of 1991-1995 on the territory of the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) that would serve to curb attempts at historical revisionism and manipulative use of the numbers of victims.The register is based on analysis of documents including newspaper reports from the period, publications, court documents (ICTY and regional courts), associations of veterans and families of the dead, etc. and interviews with eye-witnesses or family members of individuals who lost their lives. By the end of 2010 HLC researchers had interviewed a total of 411 witnesses and family members and analysed 5,381 documents and from these sources had compiled a list of 2,321 citizens of Serbia and Montenegro who were killed or disappeared in the wars of the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1995.
Kosovo Memory Book
As part of its work of researching war crimes and human rights violations in Kosovo, HLC has compiled its Kosovo Memory Book. This is a record of all individual victims of the conflict between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2000, documenting the circumstances in which each of the victims was killed or disappeared. The object is to prevent political manipulation of the number of victims, help society confront the reality of the atrocities committed during the Kosovo conflict, and build a culture of remembrance.As of 16 October 2008 HLC had recorded 13,472 victims in Kosovo between 1998 and 2000. The victims included 9,260 Albanians, 2,488 Serbs, 470 members of other ethnicities, and 1,254 had not been identified. Information concerning 8,879 of the victims had been fully processed, including details of the circumstances of death or disappearance. All had been living in Kosovo between January 1998 and December 2000. Of the 4,593 victims still to be fully processed, 1,666 were Serbs (686 members of the army or police, 590 civilians and 390 of unknown status), 1,553 ethnic Albanians and 120 members of other ethnic communities; the ethnicity of the remaining 1,254 victims was still unconfirmed. HLC repudiated media reports that 12,000 Serb victims had been registered.
HLC had been provided with information by the Serbian Missing Persons Commission and in September 2008 the Serbian Ministry of Defence provided information about army members who disappeared or were killed in Kosovo. However the Interior Ministry had been unwilling to provide information about murdered or missing police officers.
HLC had initially estimated that 8,000-10,000 Albanians were killed and 2,000-2,500 Serbs, Roma, Bosniaks and other non-Albanians during the Kosovo conflict. As of 22 May 22nd 2009, the International Committee of Red Cross recorded 1,906 individuals from all ethnic groups who were still considered missing.
Teams of researchers have conducted research in Kosovo and Serbia, interviewing witnesses, family members and other persons with knowledge of the circumstances in which victims disappeared or were killed and collecting documents and photographs of victims, graves, monuments etc. The research findings are analysed and used to add to or update the records in the war crimes database.
From 1 September 2007 until 31 August 31st 2009, 4874 records were created documenting the fate of 8752 victims. The total number of victims recorded in HLC’s database of victims is 13,790, including 3,562 victims of documented mass crimes. To date HLC recorded and described the fate of 7.636 Albanians, 845 Serbs, 109 Roma, 64 Bosniaks, 34 Montenegrins, 22 Ashkali, six Gorani, 13 Kosovo Egyptians, six Turks, two Russians, one Croat, two Hungarians, one Macedonian, one Bulgarian, one Ruthenian, two Slovenians, one Yugoslav, and six victims of undetermined nationality.
Supporters
Supporters of the work of Humanitarian Law Center include George Soros's Open Society Institute. Among HLC's other current sources of funding is a grant from the Sigrid Rausing TrustSigrid Rausing Trust
Sigrid Rausing Trust is a grant-giving charitable foundation in the United Kingdom set up in 1995 by Sigrid Rausing to promote international human rights.The Trust was originally named the Ruben and Elisabeth Rausing Trust, after Sigrid Rausing's grandparents...
.