Human rights in Sri Lanka
Encyclopedia
Major human rights groups such as Amnesty International
and Human Rights Watch
, as well as the United States Department of State
and the European Union
, have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Sri Lanka. Both the government of Sri Lanka
and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(LTTE) are accused of violating human rights
. Amnesty International stated in 2003 that there was a considerable improvement in the human rights situation attributed to the peaceful context of a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE. In their 2006 report, however, Amnesty International stated that "escalating political killings, child recruitment, abductions and armed clashes created a climate of fear in the east, spreading to the north by the end of the year," while also outlining concerns with violence against women, the death penalty, and "numerous reports of torture in police custody." Although Sri Lanka
has not officially practiced the death penalty since 1976, well-documented cases of state-sponsored 'disappearances' and murders by non-partisan humanitarian organizations, notably Human Rights Watch, contradict official statements.
riots, erupted. Government appointed commission's estimates put the death toll at nearly 1,000 whereas other groups have put the death toll at 2,000 - 3,000, mostly minority Sri Lankan Tamils. At least 150,000 Tamils fled the island. Another major event was the repression of Marxist revolutionaries known as the JVP in Southern Sri Lanka by government security forces. 10,000 - 60,000 Sinhalese, including many students, died or 'disappeared' over the course of the three-year government crackdown.
since 1983.
1990
The Eastern province of Sri Lanka was taken over by Sri Lankan Forces after heavy fighting in 1990. Even after government forces moved in early 1990 large number of disappearance and extrajudicial execution were continued. By October 1990, 3,000 people were estimated to have been killed or to have disappeared in Amparai district. Further Many of the disappeared people were believed to have been killed as a result of extrajudicial execution. Likewise in Batticaloa
another 1,500 people were reported to have disappeared. The LTTE terrorists continued to kill innocent people in the Eastern Province. They killed Muslims gathered in two mosques, for Friday prayers. Also more than 700 unarmed policemen were murdered, cold blood. A bus full of Buddhist monks were killed at Aranthalawa.
However, the true perpetrators of the disappearances are yet to be determined, with the Sri Lankan government and the rebels both accusing each other.
2000
Sri Lanka has the second highest number of disappearances
in the world, ranking only behind Iraq
, according to the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances in 1999. The report states that across the country since 1980, 12,000 people have gone missing after being detained by Sri Lankan security forces, only Iraq having more, with 16,384 missing people. The United States government has also raised concerns over the level of disappeared people in Sri Lanka with concerns over an increase due to an escalation in fighting. This is in addition to the US State Department's publication in 2001 on human rights practices, wherein disappearances are outlined as a problem.
In the January 2002 Amnesty International Report stated, "frequently reported torture in police custody. Lack of accountability for the perpetrators of human rights violations, including “disappearances” and torture" were cited as "serious human rights concerns".
Torture, including rape, in police custody continued to be reported frequently. Among the victims were women and children. In late October, the UN Committee against Torture submitted the findings of its visit to Sri Lanka in 2000 to the UN General Assembly. The Committee reported that it found a “disturbing number of cases of torture and ill-treatment”, the two cases presented to the U.N were that of Nandini Herat, a young woman, who was sexually assaulted by police at Wariyapola police station, Kurunegala district, in March and ten-year-old T.K. Hiran Rasika and 12-year-old E.A. who was tortured at Hiniduma police station in July while being questioned about a theft. Both required hospital treatment as a result.
The European Union also condemned Sri Lankan security forces in the year 2000 concerning human rights, after fighting displaced 12,000 civilians.
The US State Department has stated that "The civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, although some members of the security forces committed serious human right abuses".
Human Rights Watch
has accused the Sri Lankan government of being "responsible for unlawful killings, enforced disappearances and other serious human rights violations since the resumption of major hostilities with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam", in a report released on August the 6th 2007 entitled "Killings, Abductions and Displacement Soar as Impunity Reigns". Brad Adams, Asia Director, Human Rights Watch later added, "The Sri Lankan government has apparently given its security forces a green light to use ‘dirty war
’ tactics".
Human Rights Watch also released the 129 page dossier "Human Rights under Siege" in which it outlines through the "use (of) accounts by victims and eyewitnesses to document the shocking increase in violations by government forces." The report states "Ethnic Tamils have borne the brunt of these violations" but also mentions that "members of the Muslim and majority Sinhalese population are not immune to government abuse".
have repeatedly been accused of attacks on civilians during their separatist guerrilla campaign.
The US State Department reported several human rights abuses in 2005, but it specifically states that there were no confirmed reports of politically motivated killings by the government. The report states that, "they [LTTE] continued to control large sections of the north and east and engaged in politically motivated killings, disappearances, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, denial of fair public trial, arbitrary interference with privacy, denial of freedom of speech, press, of assembly and association, and the recruitment of child soldiers". The report further accused the LTTE of extrajudicial killings in the North and East. Several members of the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
(EPRLF) and the Eelam People's Democratic Party
(EPDP) were illegally detained by the LTTE.
The LTTE committed massacres in the Northern
and Eastern
provinces of Sri Lanka. The number of civilians massacred were as high as 144 (Anuradhapura massacre
). Some of the major attacks resulting in civilian deaths include the Kebithigollewa massacre
, the Gonagala massacre
(54 dead), the Dehiwala train bombing (56 dead), the Palliyagodella massacre
(109 dead) and the bombing of Sri Lanka's Central Bank
(102 dead). Further a claymore antipersonnel mine
attack by the LTTE on June 15, 2006 on a bus carrying 140 civilians killed 68 people including 15 children, and injured 60 others.
Tamil Tigers were also credited by FBI for the invention of suicide bra and suicide belt. Most of the targets of suicide attacks were made on civilians rather than the government forces.
was regularly accused of arbitrary attacks on civilians during its uprising of that period
.
Further, the TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal
(TMVP), an armed organization led by Colonel Karuna
, has been accused by many human rights and non-governmental organization
s of recruiting children, torture, assassinations and engaging in extortion in its war against the LTTE. The TMVP was also involved in kidnappings for ransom of wealthy, predominantly Tamil, businessmen to raise money in Colombo and other towns. Some businessmen were killed because their family could not pay the ransom. The TMVP is believed to be working with the Sri Lankan Army
.
In 2009 the unsolved Murder of the Sunday Leader Journalist Lasantha Wickrematunge
created international press. He was assassinated on 8 January 2009 and notably predicted his own death and blamed Sri Lanka's Deep State
with his murder and regular Gladio-style False Flag
bombings of Sri Lanka's own citizens.
Intellectuals for Human Rights
Amnesty International
Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organisation whose stated mission is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated."Following a publication of Peter Benenson's...
and Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Its headquarters are in New York City and it has offices in Berlin, Beirut, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo,...
, as well as the United States Department of State
United States Department of State
The United States Department of State , is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries...
and the European Union
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
, have expressed concern about the state of human rights in Sri Lanka. Both the government of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam was a separatist militant organization formerly based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Vellupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a violent secessionist and nationalist campaign to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka for Tamil...
(LTTE) are accused of violating human rights
Human rights
Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
. Amnesty International stated in 2003 that there was a considerable improvement in the human rights situation attributed to the peaceful context of a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE. In their 2006 report, however, Amnesty International stated that "escalating political killings, child recruitment, abductions and armed clashes created a climate of fear in the east, spreading to the north by the end of the year," while also outlining concerns with violence against women, the death penalty, and "numerous reports of torture in police custody." Although Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
has not officially practiced the death penalty since 1976, well-documented cases of state-sponsored 'disappearances' and murders by non-partisan humanitarian organizations, notably Human Rights Watch, contradict official statements.
Background
Sri Lanka has been embroiled in a civil war for more than two decades. More than 64,000 people have been killed and more than one million have been displaced since 1983. In July 1983, the most savage anti-minority pogrom in Sri Lanka's history, known as the Black JulyBlack July
Black July is the commonly used name for the anti-Tamil pogrom and attacks carried out by mobs in Sri Lanka which began on July 23, 1983. The riots occurred following a deadly ambush by a Tamil militant organization known as Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam which killed 13 Sri Lanka Army soldiers...
riots, erupted. Government appointed commission's estimates put the death toll at nearly 1,000 whereas other groups have put the death toll at 2,000 - 3,000, mostly minority Sri Lankan Tamils. At least 150,000 Tamils fled the island. Another major event was the repression of Marxist revolutionaries known as the JVP in Southern Sri Lanka by government security forces. 10,000 - 60,000 Sinhalese, including many students, died or 'disappeared' over the course of the three-year government crackdown.
Abuses by the government
There have been numerous massacres of civilians and political prisonersPrison massacres in Sri Lanka
Prison massacres in Sri Lanka have occurred in regular intervals since the inception of the civil conflict from 1983.-Notable prison massacres:...
since 1983.
1990
The Eastern province of Sri Lanka was taken over by Sri Lankan Forces after heavy fighting in 1990. Even after government forces moved in early 1990 large number of disappearance and extrajudicial execution were continued. By October 1990, 3,000 people were estimated to have been killed or to have disappeared in Amparai district. Further Many of the disappeared people were believed to have been killed as a result of extrajudicial execution. Likewise in Batticaloa
Batticaloa
Batticaloa is a city in the Eastern province of Sri Lanka. It is the seat of the Eastern University of Sri Lanka. It is on the east coast, south by south east of Trincomalee, and is situated on an island.-Etymology:...
another 1,500 people were reported to have disappeared. The LTTE terrorists continued to kill innocent people in the Eastern Province. They killed Muslims gathered in two mosques, for Friday prayers. Also more than 700 unarmed policemen were murdered, cold blood. A bus full of Buddhist monks were killed at Aranthalawa.
However, the true perpetrators of the disappearances are yet to be determined, with the Sri Lankan government and the rebels both accusing each other.
2000
Sri Lanka has the second highest number of disappearances
Forced disappearance
In international human rights law, a forced disappearance occurs when a person is secretly abducted or imprisoned by a state or political organization or by a third party with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a state or political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the...
in the world, ranking only behind Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, according to the United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances in 1999. The report states that across the country since 1980, 12,000 people have gone missing after being detained by Sri Lankan security forces, only Iraq having more, with 16,384 missing people. The United States government has also raised concerns over the level of disappeared people in Sri Lanka with concerns over an increase due to an escalation in fighting. This is in addition to the US State Department's publication in 2001 on human rights practices, wherein disappearances are outlined as a problem.
In the January 2002 Amnesty International Report stated, "frequently reported torture in police custody. Lack of accountability for the perpetrators of human rights violations, including “disappearances” and torture" were cited as "serious human rights concerns".
Torture, including rape, in police custody continued to be reported frequently. Among the victims were women and children. In late October, the UN Committee against Torture submitted the findings of its visit to Sri Lanka in 2000 to the UN General Assembly. The Committee reported that it found a “disturbing number of cases of torture and ill-treatment”, the two cases presented to the U.N were that of Nandini Herat, a young woman, who was sexually assaulted by police at Wariyapola police station, Kurunegala district, in March and ten-year-old T.K. Hiran Rasika and 12-year-old E.A. who was tortured at Hiniduma police station in July while being questioned about a theft. Both required hospital treatment as a result.
The European Union also condemned Sri Lankan security forces in the year 2000 concerning human rights, after fighting displaced 12,000 civilians.
The US State Department has stated that "The civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces, although some members of the security forces committed serious human right abuses".
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Its headquarters are in New York City and it has offices in Berlin, Beirut, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo,...
has accused the Sri Lankan government of being "responsible for unlawful killings, enforced disappearances and other serious human rights violations since the resumption of major hostilities with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam", in a report released on August the 6th 2007 entitled "Killings, Abductions and Displacement Soar as Impunity Reigns". Brad Adams, Asia Director, Human Rights Watch later added, "The Sri Lankan government has apparently given its security forces a green light to use ‘dirty war
Dirty War
The Dirty War was a period of state-sponsored violence in Argentina from 1976 until 1983. Victims of the violence included several thousand left-wing activists, including trade unionists, students, journalists, Marxists, Peronist guerrillas and alleged sympathizers, either proved or suspected...
’ tactics".
Human Rights Watch also released the 129 page dossier "Human Rights under Siege" in which it outlines through the "use (of) accounts by victims and eyewitnesses to document the shocking increase in violations by government forces." The report states "Ethnic Tamils have borne the brunt of these violations" but also mentions that "members of the Muslim and majority Sinhalese population are not immune to government abuse".
Shooting of Tamil media workers
Sahathevan Nilakshan, also spelt Sahadevan Nilakshan was a minority Sri Lankan Tamil student journalist and the head of the Chaalaram magazine. Sahadevan was shot dead inside his house during nighttime curfew in an area heavily guarded by the Sri Lankan Army. Sahadevan was part of a series of killing of Tamil media workers particularly those seen supporting the Tamil nationalist cause as Chaalaram magazine for which he worked was linked to the Federation of Jaffna District Students was seen supporting Tamil nationalism. It was seen as part of the intimidation of Tamil media.Abuses by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam was a separatist militant organization formerly based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Vellupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a violent secessionist and nationalist campaign to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka for Tamil...
have repeatedly been accused of attacks on civilians during their separatist guerrilla campaign.
The US State Department reported several human rights abuses in 2005, but it specifically states that there were no confirmed reports of politically motivated killings by the government. The report states that, "they [LTTE] continued to control large sections of the north and east and engaged in politically motivated killings, disappearances, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, denial of fair public trial, arbitrary interference with privacy, denial of freedom of speech, press, of assembly and association, and the recruitment of child soldiers". The report further accused the LTTE of extrajudicial killings in the North and East. Several members of the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
The Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front is a Sri Lankan political party and a former militant separatist group.-Militant separatists:The EPRLF was formed in 1980 by K...
(EPRLF) and the Eelam People's Democratic Party
Eelam People's Democratic Party
The Eelam People's Democratic Party is a political party and a pro-government paramilitary organization in Sri Lanka. It is led by its founder Douglas Devananda.-Background:...
(EPDP) were illegally detained by the LTTE.
The LTTE committed massacres in the Northern
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
The Northern Province is one of the 9 provinces of Sri Lanka. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but did not have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was...
and Eastern
Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
The Eastern Province is one of the 9 provinces of Sri Lanka. The provinces have existed since the 19th century but they didn't have any legal status until 1987 when the 13th Amendment to the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka established provincial councils. Between 1988 and 2006 the province was...
provinces of Sri Lanka. The number of civilians massacred were as high as 144 (Anuradhapura massacre
Anuradhapura massacre
The Anuradhapura massacre occurred in Sri Lanka in 1985 and was carried out by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. This was the largest massacre of Sinhalese civilians by the LTTE to date; it was also the first major operation carried out by the LTTE outside a Tamil majority area.-Incident:The...
). Some of the major attacks resulting in civilian deaths include the Kebithigollewa massacre
Kebithigollewa massacre
The Kebithigollewa massacre occurred on June 15, 2006 when 60 people were killed as a result of claymore attack on a bus. The U.S and the SLMM claimed that LTTE was the perpetrator. However, LTTE claimed that they did not perpetrate this attack.- Incident :...
, the Gonagala massacre
Gonagala massacre
The Gongala Massacre was a massacre that occurred on September 18, 1999, in the small village of Gonagala, located in the Ampara District of Sri Lanka. According to reports, over 50 men, women and children were hacked to death in the middle of the night...
(54 dead), the Dehiwala train bombing (56 dead), the Palliyagodella massacre
Palliyagodella massacre
The Palliyagodella massacre was carried out by the LTTE, an organization which has been banned in 33 countries including the US, Australia, EU, India and Canada due to its terrorist activities...
(109 dead) and the bombing of Sri Lanka's Central Bank
Central Bank Bombing
The Central Bank bombing was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks carried out by the LTTE during the Separatist civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Tamil Tigers.The attack took place on January 31, 1996, Sri Lankan city of Colombo...
(102 dead). Further a claymore antipersonnel mine
M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mine
The M18A1 Claymore is a directional anti-personnel mine used by the U.S. military. It was named after the large Scottish sword by its inventor, Norman A. MacLeod...
attack by the LTTE on June 15, 2006 on a bus carrying 140 civilians killed 68 people including 15 children, and injured 60 others.
Tamil Tigers were also credited by FBI for the invention of suicide bra and suicide belt. Most of the targets of suicide attacks were made on civilians rather than the government forces.
Abuses by other groups
During the 1980s, the Janatha Vimukthi PeramunaJanatha Vimukthi Peramuna
The Janathā Vimukthi Peramuṇa is a Marxist-Leninist, Communist political party in Sri Lanka. The party was involved in two armed uprisings against the ruling governments in 1971 and 1987-89...
was regularly accused of arbitrary attacks on civilians during its uprising of that period
Insurrection 1987-89
The 1987-89 insurrection in Sri Lanka, in which around 50,000 lives were lost, was carried out by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, a Marxist Sinhalese political party in Sri Lanka.-Leadup to conflict in the 1980s:...
.
Further, the TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal
TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal
Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal , previously known as the "Karuna Group", is a political party in Sri Lanka. It was formed by Karuna Amman, a former leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, after he defected from the organization in 2004...
(TMVP), an armed organization led by Colonel Karuna
Karuna
Karuā is generally translated as "compassion" or "pity". It is part of the spiritual path of both Buddhism and Jainism.-Buddhism:...
, has been accused by many human rights and non-governmental organization
Non-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations , and is normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are...
s of recruiting children, torture, assassinations and engaging in extortion in its war against the LTTE. The TMVP was also involved in kidnappings for ransom of wealthy, predominantly Tamil, businessmen to raise money in Colombo and other towns. Some businessmen were killed because their family could not pay the ransom. The TMVP is believed to be working with the Sri Lankan Army
Sri Lankan Army
The Sri Lanka Army is the oldest and largest of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces and is responsible for land-based military and humanitarian operations. Established as the Ceylon Army in 1949, it was renamed when Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972...
.
In 2009 the unsolved Murder of the Sunday Leader Journalist Lasantha Wickrematunge
Lasantha Wickrematunge
Lasantha Manilal Wickrematunge was a prominent Sri Lankan high-profile anti-government journalist, media personality, politician and human rights activist who was assassinated in January 2009...
created international press. He was assassinated on 8 January 2009 and notably predicted his own death and blamed Sri Lanka's Deep State
Deep state
The Deep state is alleged to be a group of influential anti-democratic coalitions within the Turkish political system, composed of high-level elements within the intelligence services , Turkish military, security, judiciary, and mafia. The notion of deep state is similar to that of a "state within...
with his murder and regular Gladio-style False Flag
False flag
False flag operations are covert operations designed to deceive the public in such a way that the operations appear as though they are being carried out by other entities. The name is derived from the military concept of flying false colors; that is flying the flag of a country other than one's own...
bombings of Sri Lanka's own citizens.
See also
- Allegations of state terrorism in Sri Lanka
- Black JulyBlack JulyBlack July is the commonly used name for the anti-Tamil pogrom and attacks carried out by mobs in Sri Lanka which began on July 23, 1983. The riots occurred following a deadly ambush by a Tamil militant organization known as Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam which killed 13 Sri Lanka Army soldiers...
- List of attacks attributed to the LTTE
- Military use of children in Sri LankaMilitary use of children in Sri LankaMilitant use of children in Sri Lanka has been an internationally recognized problem since the inception of the Sri Lankan civil war in 1983. The primary recruiters of under the age of 18 children are the rebel LTTE movement and the Karuna group .-LTTE recruitment:Before 2007 the LTTE was accused...
- Sri Lankan Civil WarSri Lankan civil warThe Sri Lankan Civil War was a conflict fought on the island of Sri Lanka. Beginning on July 23, 1983, there was an on-and-off insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , a separatist militant organization which fought to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil...
- LGBT rights in Sri LankaLGBT rights in Sri LankaHomosexuality is illegal under a broad provision dealing with, "gross indecency", and no national legislation exists to protect LGBT people from harassment or discrimination...
- List of attacks attributed to the Sri Lankan military
- Prageeth EknaligodaPrageeth EknaligodaPrageeth Eknaligoda is a cartoonist, political analyst and journalist. He was reported missing on January 24, 2010 - two days before the presidential polls in Sri Lanka....
External links
Home for Human Rights Human Rights Watch Amnesty International - Sri Lanka Human Rights Reports Freedom of expression in Sr Lanka - IFEXIFEX
IFEX may refer to:*Impulse Fire Extinguishing System*International Freedom of Expression Exchange*Ifosfamide, drug marketed as Mitoxana or Ifex*International Food Exhibition*International Film Exchange, a film distribution company...
Intellectuals for Human Rights
- information relating to human rights situation in Sri Lanka
- Peace and Conflict Timeline (PACT) - an interactive timeline of the Sri Lankan conflict
- List of Human Rights Violations in Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka mission report
- Nine recommendations for improving media freedom in Sri Lanka – RSF
- Media in Sri Lanka
- Free Speech in Sri Lanka
- Mystery surrounds the brutal killing of a Tamil journalist, Asian Tribune