Hmongic languages
Encyclopedia
The Hmongic languages is a language branch including the Miao language
(including Hmong, Hmu and Xong) used by Miao people
, Pa-Hng
, and Greater Bunu languages
(including Bunu
, Younuo
and Jiongnai
) used by non-Mien Yao people
.
(2010:3).
Matisoff
2001 proposed the following, with She
left unclassified:
Miao language
Miao refers to the various languages of the Miao peoples of China. The Miao languages are part of the Hmong–Mien language family. It is written with Chinese characters or the Latin alphabet...
(including Hmong, Hmu and Xong) used by Miao people
Miao people
The Miao or ม้ง ; ) is an ethnic group recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China as one of the 55 official minority groups. Miao is a Chinese term and does not reflect the self-designations of the component nations of people, which include Hmong, Hmu, A Hmao, and Kho Xiong...
, Pa-Hng
Pa-Hng language
The Pa-Hng language is a Hmong–Mien language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.-Variants:Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng variants can be found in Mao & Li ....
, and Greater Bunu languages
Bunu languages
The Bunu languages is a subgrouping of Hmongic languages that usually includes Bunu, Younuo, Jiongnai, and Wunai. However, Ratliff does not support this subgrouping .-References:...
(including Bunu
Bunu language
The Bunu language is a Hmongic language spoken in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Although a Hmongic language, its speakers are classified as Yao by the Chinese government...
, Younuo
Younuo language
The Younuo language is a Hmongic language spoken in Longsheng County , Guangxi, China.-References:* 毛宗武 / Mao Zongwu. 优诺语研究 / Younuo yu yan jiu . Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.-External links:*...
and Jiongnai
Jiongnai language
Jiongnai is a Hmongic language spoken in Dahua County, Guangxi, China. The speakers' autonym is or .-References:...
) used by non-Mien Yao people
Yao people
The Yao nationality is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south...
.
Classification
Hmongic is one of the primary branches of the Hmong–Mien language family, with the other being Mienic. The classification below is from Martha RatliffMartha Ratliff
Martha Ratliff is a leading specialist in Hmong–Mien languages and professor at Wayne State University. She is also well known for her recent reconstruction of the Proto-Hmong–Mien language.-External links:*...
(2010:3).
- Hmongic
- Pa-HngPa-Hng languageThe Pa-Hng language is a Hmong–Mien language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.-Variants:Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng variants can be found in Mao & Li ....
- (Main branch)
- JiongnaiJiongnai languageJiongnai is a Hmongic language spoken in Dahua County, Guangxi, China. The speakers' autonym is or .-References:...
language, Ho Ne (SheShe languageThe She language , spoken by the She people, is a Hmong–Mien language. Most of the over 709,000 She people today speak Hakka Chinese...
) - (Core HmongicMiao languageMiao refers to the various languages of the Miao peoples of China. The Miao languages are part of the Hmong–Mien language family. It is written with Chinese characters or the Latin alphabet...
)- West Hmongic (Chuan-Qian-Dian, i.e. SichuanSichuan' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
-GuizhouGuizhou' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.- History :...
-YunnanYunnanYunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...
)- HmongHmong languageHmong or Mong is the common name for a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmong–Mien/Miao–Yao language family spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos...
– 1,800,000 speakers - A-Hmao – 200,000 speakers in Guizhou and YunnanYunnanYunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...
- BunuBunu languageThe Bunu language is a Hmongic language spoken in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Although a Hmongic language, its speakers are classified as Yao by the Chinese government...
– 258,000 speakers in GuangxiGuangxiGuangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
- Hmong
- North Hmongic (Xiangxi): includes Qo Xiong – 770,000 speakers mostly in HunanHunan' is a province of South-Central China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting...
. - East Hmongic (Qiandong): includes Hmu – 1,100,000 speakers in HunanHunan' is a province of South-Central China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting...
.
- West Hmongic (Chuan-Qian-Dian, i.e. Sichuan
- Jiongnai
- Pa-Hng
Matisoff
James Matisoff
James A. Matisoff is a professor emeritus of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley and noted authority on Tibeto-Burman languages and other languages of mainland Southeast Asia....
2001 proposed the following, with She
She language
The She language , spoken by the She people, is a Hmong–Mien language. Most of the over 709,000 She people today speak Hakka Chinese...
left unclassified:
- Hmongic (Miao)
- BunuBunu languagesThe Bunu languages is a subgrouping of Hmongic languages that usually includes Bunu, Younuo, Jiongnai, and Wunai. However, Ratliff does not support this subgrouping .-References:...
:- YounuoYounuo languageThe Younuo language is a Hmongic language spoken in Longsheng County , Guangxi, China.-References:* 毛宗武 / Mao Zongwu. 优诺语研究 / Younuo yu yan jiu . Beijing: 民族出版社 / Min zu chu ban she, 2007.-External links:*...
: Younuo - Wunai: Wunai
- Bu-NaoBunu languageThe Bunu language is a Hmongic language spoken in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Although a Hmongic language, its speakers are classified as Yao by the Chinese government...
: Pu No, Nao Klao, Nu Mhou, Nunu, Tung Nu - JiongnaiJiongnai languageJiongnai is a Hmongic language spoken in Dahua County, Guangxi, China. The speakers' autonym is or .-References:...
: Jiongnai
- Younuo
- Chuanqiangdian MiaoMiao languageMiao refers to the various languages of the Miao peoples of China. The Miao languages are part of the Hmong–Mien language family. It is written with Chinese characters or the Latin alphabet...
:- Ge (Chonganjiang Miao)
- Hmong Dô
- Hmong Don
- HmongHmong languageHmong or Mong is the common name for a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmong–Mien/Miao–Yao language family spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos...
Njua (Green Miao) - Central Huishui Maio
- Central Mashan Miao
- Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao
- Eastern Huishui Miao
- Horned Miao
- Large Flowery Miao (Northeastern Dian Miao)
- Luopohe Miao
- Northern Guiyang Miao
- Northern Huishui Miao
- Northern Mashan Miao
- Small Flowery Miao
- Southern Guiyang Miao
- Southern Mashan Miao
- Southwestern Guiyang Miao
- Southwestern Huishui Miao
- Western Mashan Miao
- White Miao (HmongHmong languageHmong or Mong is the common name for a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmong–Mien/Miao–Yao language family spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos...
Daw) - Raojia
- Sinicized Miao
- Pa Na
- Pa-HngPa-Hng languageThe Pa-Hng language is a Hmong–Mien language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.-Variants:Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng variants can be found in Mao & Li ....
: Pa-Hng - Qiandong MiaoMiao languageMiao refers to the various languages of the Miao peoples of China. The Miao languages are part of the Hmong–Mien language family. It is written with Chinese characters or the Latin alphabet...
:- Northern Qiandong Miao
- Eastern Qiandong Miao
- Southern Qiandong Miao
- Xiangxi MiaoMiao languageMiao refers to the various languages of the Miao peoples of China. The Miao languages are part of the Hmong–Mien language family. It is written with Chinese characters or the Latin alphabet...
:- Western Xiangxi Miao
- Eastern Xiangxi Miao
- Bunu