Hindu and Buddhist contribution to science in medieval Islam

Hindu and Buddhist contributions to science in medieval Islam have been numerous, affecting such varied areas as medicine, astronomy and mathematics. From the 7th to the 13th century, Persian and Arab Muslims absorbed knowledge from the Indian civilization.

Indian books translated

Indian Text	Translator	Arabic name of Translation	Date	Attribution	Subject	Note
Brahmasiddhanta Brahmasphutasiddhanta The main work of Brahmagupta, Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta , written c.628, contains ideas including a good understanding of the mathematical role of zero, rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and some quadratic... of Brahmagupta Brahmagupta Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician and astronomer who wrote many important works on mathematics and astronomy. His best known work is the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta , written in 628 in Bhinmal...	Alfazari Muhammad al-Fazari Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his father Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, also an astronomer and mathematician.... into Arabic as Az-Zīj ‛alā Sinī al-‛Arab., or the Sindhind. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... to Islam. Yaqūb ibn Tāriq Yaqub ibn Tariq Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq was an 8th-century Persian astronomer and mathematician who lived in Baghdad.- Works :Works ascribed to Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq include:...	Sindhind	753–774	Khalif Mansur	Astronomy
Khandakhadyaka (Arakand) of Brahmagupta Brahmagupta Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician and astronomer who wrote many important works on mathematics and astronomy. His best known work is the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta , written in 628 in Bhinmal...	Alfazari Muhammad al-Fazari Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his father Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, also an astronomer and mathematician....	Arakand	753–774	Khalif Mansur	Astronomy	. Through the resulting Arabic translations known as Sindhind and Arakand , the knowledge of Indian numerals passed on to the Islamic world

Mathematics

Medical texts

Bimaristan

Islamic Arab and Persian scholars

Various eminent Arabic and Persian scholars absorbed Indian knowledge .

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
'There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ' or '. Ibn Khaldun notes in his encyclopedic work: "The first who wrote upon this branch was Abu ʿAbdallah al-Khowarizmi, after whom came Abu Kamil Shojaʿ ibn Aslam." . 'There is some confusion in the literature on...

: The ninth century scholar Al Khwarizmi learnt Sanskrit and explained to his readers the Indian system of notation , and through his work the internationalisation of Indian number system began.
Ibrahim al-Fazari
Ibrahim al-Fazari
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari was an 8th-century Muslim mathematician and astronomer of Persian background....

:About 773, al-Fazari translated the Indian Siddhantha to Arabic , popularising the Hindu decimal system
Al-Kindi
Al-Kindi
' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...

: Another scholar from the same century as al-Khwarizmi, Al Kindi wrote four books on India numerals
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi : A great medical text of the late ninth and tenth centuries , Kitab al Hawi , translated into Latin as late as the thirteenth century and known as liber continems was written by Al Razi or Rhazes (865–925), who embodied much Indian knowledge into that work
Avicenna
Avicenna
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

: He had the initiative to study Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...

and translate Indian books into Arabic and some works , such as those of Euclid and Ptolemy from Arabic into Sanskrit .
Abu Saleh ben Shib ben Jawa : In the Persian work Mujmalu-t-Tawarikh, there are chapters translated from the Arabic of Abu Saleh ben Shib ben Jawa, who had himself abridged them , a hundred years before , from a Sanskrit work , called Instruction of Kings (Rajaniti). The Persian translator lived about 1150

External links

The Development of The numerals Among The Arabs: chapter from the book – The Hindu-Arabic Numerals By David Eugene Smith