Hastings 1895 chess tournament
Encyclopedia
Round-robin tournament
A round-robin tournament is a competition "in which each contestant meets all other contestants in turn".-Terminology:...
of chess
Chess
Chess is a two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide at home, in clubs, online, by correspondence, and in tournaments.Each player...
conducted in Hastings
Hastings
Hastings is a town and borough in the county of East Sussex on the south coast of England. The town is located east of the county town of Lewes and south east of London, and has an estimated population of 86,900....
, England from August 5 to September 2, 1895.
Hastings 1895 was arguably the strongest tournament in history at the time it occurred. All of the strongest players of the generation competed. This was one of the first times such a "super-tournament" was conducted.
Harry Nelson Pillsbury
Harry Nelson Pillsbury
Harry Nelson Pillsbury , was a leading chess player. At age 22, he won one of the strongest tournaments of the time , but his illness and early death prevented him from challenging for the World Chess Championship.- Early life :Pillsbury was born in Somerville, Massachusetts, moved to New York City...
won the tournament against a strong competitive group. Pillsbury, a young American unknown in Europe, was the surprise winner with 16½ out of 21 points – ahead of Mikhail Chigorin
Mikhail Chigorin
Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin also was a leading Russian chess player...
(16) and world champion Emanuel Lasker
Emanuel Lasker
Emanuel Lasker was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years...
(15½). Following the success of the event, the Hastings tournament would become an annual feature.
The organizers and players produced a Book of the Tournament, in which the participants annotated their own games. The Book too became an annual feature and was of very high instructional value.
Tournament table
| # | Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | X | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16½ | |
| 2 | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 16 | |
| 3 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 15½ | |
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 14 | |
| 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 13 | |
| 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 12 | |
| 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | X | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11½ | |
| 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | X | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11½ | |
| 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | X | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | 11 | |
| 10 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | X | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10½ | |
| 11 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | X | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |
| 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9½ | |
| 13 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | X | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9½ | |
| 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9½ | |
| 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
| 16 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | X | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 9 | |
| 17 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 8½ | |
| 18 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 8½ | |
| 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | |
| 20 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 7½ | |
| 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | 1 | 7½ | |
| 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 3 |
Notable games
Many of the games were of very high quality and extremely hard fought. Two of the games, in particular, stand out for their depth, beauty and drama: Steinitz versus von Bardeleben and Pillsbury versus Gunsberg.Steinitz versus von Bardeleben
In round ten, the position on the right arose after a Giuoco PianoGiuoco Piano
The Giuoco Piano is a chess opening beginning with the moves:Common alternatives to 3...Bc5 include 3...Nf6 , 3...Be7 , or 3...d6 .-History:...
: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.c3 Nf6 5.d4 exd4 6.cxd4 Bb4+ 7.Nc3 d5 8.exd5 Nxd5 9.0-0 Be6 10.Bg5 Be7 11.Bxd5! Bxd5 12.Nxd5 Qxd5 13.Bxe7 Nxe7 14.Re1 f6 15.Qe2 Qd7 16.Rac1 c6?! 17.d5! cxd5 18.Nd4 Kf7 19.Ne6 Rhc8 20.Qg4 g6 21.Ng5+ Ke8.
At this point Steinitz played one of the most famous moves in history: 22.Rxe7+!!, amazingly leaving all of his pieces open to capture. Black cannot capture the white rook (22...Qxe7 23.Rxc8+ Rxc8 24.Qxc8+ Qd8 25.Qxd8+, etc. and White wins easily with his extra piece, while 22...Kxe7 23.Re1+ Kd6 24.Qb4+ Rc5 25.Ne6 wins easily as well), however, White cannot capture the black queen (or play any other non-forcing move, for that matter), because Rxc1 is instantly mate for Black! As a result, Steinitz's rook now "thumbs its nose" at the black king, so to speak: repeatedly checking right in front of the king, which cannot capture it, in order to prevent Rxc1.
The game continued 22...Kf8 23.Rf7+ Kg8 24.Rg7+ Kh8 25.Rxh7+!!
This crucial move eliminates the h-pawn and allows White to bring in his queen to attack without ever allowing Black to play Rxc1 and mate. Bowing to the inevitable (or perhaps frustrated that even with mate in one, he could not capitalize), von Bardeleben simply left the tournament hall, letting his time run out! Steinitz demonstrated for the spectators how the game might have continued:
25...Kg8 26.Rg7+ Kh8 27.Qh4+ Kxg7 28.Qh7+ Kf8 29.Qh8+ Ke7 30.Qg7+ Ke8 31.Qg8+ Ke7 32.Qf7+ Kd8 33.Qf8+ Qe8 34.Nf7+ Kd7 35.Qd6#
This game won the first brilliancy prize in the tournament.
Pillsbury versus Gunsberg
The game was played in the last round. Pillsbury was leading the field by half a point. He had assumed that a draw would be enough, and the game therefore opened with the relatively placid Queen's Gambit Declined. Pieces were rapidly traded off the board, reaching the position in the diagram, when Pillsbury realized that Chigorin was winning his game and therefore he would have to win to take clear first. What followed from this apparently drawn position was pure magic, a delightful display of genius.1. d4 d5 2. c4 c6 3. e3 g6 4. Nc3 Bg7 5. Nf3 Nf6 6. Bd3 O-O 7. Ne5 dxc4 8. Bxc4 Nd5 9. f4 Be6 10. Qb3 b5 11. Bxd5 Bxd5 12. Nxd5 Qxd5 13. Qxd5 cxd5 14. Nd3 Nd7 15. Bd2 Rfc8 16. Ke2 e6 17. Rhc1 Bf8 18. Rxc8 Rxc8 19. Rc1 Rxc1 20. Bxc1 Bd6 21. Bd2 Kf8 22. Bb4 Ke7 23. Bc5 a6 24. b4 f6 25.g4 Bxc5 26. bxc5 Nb8 (diagram) 27. f5! g5 28. Nb4 a5 29. c6! Kd6 30. fxe6! Nxc6 31. Nxc6 Kxc6 32. e4! dxe4 33. d5+ Kd6 34. Ke3 b4 35. Kxe4 a4 36. Kd4 h5 37. gxh5 a3 38. Kc4 f5 39. h6 f4 40. h7 and Black resigned.
External links
- Google Books: Horace F. Cheshire, ed., The Hastings Chess Tournament 1895... (London, England: Chatto & Windus, 1896).
- Hastings 1895 games at muljadi.org
- Hastings 1895 at ChessGames.comChessgames.comChessGames.com is a large chess community on the Internet, with over 156,000 members. The site maintains a large database of historical chess games where every game has a distinct message board for comments and analysis. Basic membership is free and the site is open to players at all levels of...
- Steinitz vs. Von Bardeleben, Hastings 1895 at ChessGames.comChessgames.comChessGames.com is a large chess community on the Internet, with over 156,000 members. The site maintains a large database of historical chess games where every game has a distinct message board for comments and analysis. Basic membership is free and the site is open to players at all levels of...
- Edward WinterEdward Winter (chess historian)Edward Winter is an English journalist, archivist, historian, collector and author about the game of chess. He writes a regular column on that subject, Chess Notes, and is also a regular columnist for ChessBase.-Chess Notes:...
, Steinitz v von Bardeleben - Pillsbury vs. Gunsberg, Hastings 1895 at ChessGames.comChessgames.comChessGames.com is a large chess community on the Internet, with over 156,000 members. The site maintains a large database of historical chess games where every game has a distinct message board for comments and analysis. Basic membership is free and the site is open to players at all levels of...
- Steinitz vs. Von Bardeleben, Hastings 1895 at ChessGames.com