Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence
Encyclopedia
Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence
, also known as Garnier, was a 12th-century French scribe and one of the ten biographers of Saint Thomas Becket of Canterbury
.
, who witnessed Becket's Death first hand and was wounded trying to save him. Guernes immediately started working on a second draft and, being a wandering cleric, left Europe to interview the eye witnesses of Becket's death in the Canterbury area. Guernes completed the text, in 1174, drawing primarily on Edward Grim and William of Canterbury, and consulting Benedict of Peterborough and William Fitzstephen
. Although Guernes did not personally know Becket, he tells us he saw him numerous times riding against the French.
Both versions of Guernes’s poem adopt a similar narrative structure as Edward Grim’s biography of Becket, but Guernes also adapts his materials, adds to them, and contributes his own opinions.
“It is a lively emphatic creation, written for quiet study but to be enjoyed by a listening audience… It was both a serious work and a tourist attraction.”
Despite the desire to entertain, and the obvious hagiographical imperative of the poem, Guernes expressed his concern for truth through accuracy, which is reflected in his journalistic methods of compiling information.
Vernacular-hagiography had a specific influence on the epic genre; it influenced the very conception of hero by canonizing figures like Charlemagne
, Roland
, Perceval
, Lancelot
, and Galahad
. Vie de Saint Thomas Becket was a forerunner in this field. It is also a forerunner in the hagiographical method of viewing the epic narrative structure as a means of presenting “myth truth,” in which the poet treated the subject as a “real” myth and served the myth by presenting it as accurately as possible. This hagiographical attitude towards truth is in opposition to truth in the hagiographical works of the novelistic, romance structure, which adopts a preference towards “legend truth:” true in moral implications but not necessarily factually provable or historically correct. Vie de Saint Thomas Becket is seen to adopt a myth perspective towards truth because of Guernes’s preoccupation with accuracy. This preoccupation with accuracy is echoed into the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries in poems by St. Francis of Assisi, and in poetic biographies of St. Anthony Padua.
Vie de Saint Thomas Becket represents the forerunner in the hagiographical epic style because Guernes was one of the first to write about a contemporary, which freed him to focus on the historicity of his subject because he was already canonized; there was no need to overplay his saintliness. Modern critics have obscured the hagiographical elements through their general approval of its historicity.
Pont-Sainte-Maxence
Pont-Sainte-Maxence is a town in northern France. It is designated municipally as a commune within the département of Oise....
, also known as Garnier, was a 12th-century French scribe and one of the ten biographers of Saint Thomas Becket of Canterbury
Canterbury
Canterbury is a historic English cathedral city, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour....
.
Life
All that we know about Guernes is what he tells us, directly or indirectly, through his sole text, Vie de Saint Thomas Becket. He was born in the little French town of Pont-Sainte-Maxence, and was a wandering Christian cleric with good command of Latin. Shortly after Thomas Becket's death in 1170 Guernes set out to compose a vernacular-French, biographical poem of Becket's life. He completed his first draft in 1172, working from Europe, but it was stolen before he could correct it. This first draft was compiled only from secondary sources and drew mainly on an earlier biography by Edward GrimEdward Grim
Edward Grim was a clerk from Cambridge who was visiting Canterbury Cathedral on Tuesday 29 December 1170 when Thomas Becket was murdered. He subsequently researched and published a book, Vita S. Thomae , published in about 1180, which is today known chiefly for a short section in which he gives an...
, who witnessed Becket's Death first hand and was wounded trying to save him. Guernes immediately started working on a second draft and, being a wandering cleric, left Europe to interview the eye witnesses of Becket's death in the Canterbury area. Guernes completed the text, in 1174, drawing primarily on Edward Grim and William of Canterbury, and consulting Benedict of Peterborough and William Fitzstephen
William Fitzstephen
William Fitzstephen , died c. 1191, was a cleric and administrator in the service of Thomas Becket, becoming a Subdeacon in his chapel, with responsibility for perusing letters and petitions. He witnessed Becket's murder, and wrote his biography - the Vita Sancti Thomae William Fitzstephen (also...
. Although Guernes did not personally know Becket, he tells us he saw him numerous times riding against the French.
Vie de Saint Thomas Becket
Guernes's work is the earliest-known life of Becket written in French, and the earliest known verse life of Becket. There are six manuscripts of the second draft, all of them are Anglo-Norman and none of them older than the 13th-century. In 1977, Ian Short examined a fragment of the first draft which was assumed lost and noted that the second draft was far less influenced by Grim.Form
The poem is composed of 6,180 lines grouped in 5-line, mono-rhymed stanzas, and the form is of a "dignified and serious alexandrine." It is written in vernacular French, slightly affected by Picard and Anglo-Norman. The Picardism comes from Pont-Sainte-Maxence’s close proximity to Picardy, which Guernes downplays by highlighting that Pont-Sainte-Maxence is within France’s boundaries, therefore his language is good. The poem is further coloured with hints of Anglo-Norman because it was copied by Anglo-Norman scribes. Guernes’s language is relatively free of dialectical traits, and it has therefore been concluded that he wrote in the literary language of the period.Both versions of Guernes’s poem adopt a similar narrative structure as Edward Grim’s biography of Becket, but Guernes also adapts his materials, adds to them, and contributes his own opinions.
Style
The poem contains elements of two hagiographical genres: the heroic biography or Chansons de Geste, and the epic. There are several attempts at the epic technique of repetition, and Guernes also elegantly repeats the same word three or four times in differing senses. The Chansons de Geste genre is represented by heroics of Becket’s death, how he “defied the enemy of Christ and perished a champion of the true faith.” The poem was written in the vernacular and Guernes tells us he often read it beside Becket’s tomb in the cathedral at Canterbury. In her introduction to her English translation Janet Shirley describes the text as the following:“It is a lively emphatic creation, written for quiet study but to be enjoyed by a listening audience… It was both a serious work and a tourist attraction.”
Despite the desire to entertain, and the obvious hagiographical imperative of the poem, Guernes expressed his concern for truth through accuracy, which is reflected in his journalistic methods of compiling information.
Historical Impact
| "No story as good as this has ever been composed; it was made and corrected at Canterbury and contains nothing but the exact truth." |
| Conclusion, Vie de Sainte Thomas Becket |
Vernacular-hagiography had a specific influence on the epic genre; it influenced the very conception of hero by canonizing figures like Charlemagne
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800...
, Roland
Roland
Roland was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. Historically, Roland was military governor of the Breton March, with responsibility for defending the frontier of Francia against the Bretons...
, Perceval
Perceval
Perceval may refer to*Spencer Perceval, British prime minister*Percival or Perceval, Arthurian knight...
, Lancelot
Lancelot
Sir Lancelot du Lac is one of the Knights of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. He is the most trusted of King Arthur's knights and plays a part in many of Arthur's victories...
, and Galahad
Galahad
Sir Galahad |Round Table]] and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail in Arthurian legend. He is the illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine of Corbenic, and is renowned for his gallantry and purity. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, he is perhaps the knightly...
. Vie de Saint Thomas Becket was a forerunner in this field. It is also a forerunner in the hagiographical method of viewing the epic narrative structure as a means of presenting “myth truth,” in which the poet treated the subject as a “real” myth and served the myth by presenting it as accurately as possible. This hagiographical attitude towards truth is in opposition to truth in the hagiographical works of the novelistic, romance structure, which adopts a preference towards “legend truth:” true in moral implications but not necessarily factually provable or historically correct. Vie de Saint Thomas Becket is seen to adopt a myth perspective towards truth because of Guernes’s preoccupation with accuracy. This preoccupation with accuracy is echoed into the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries in poems by St. Francis of Assisi, and in poetic biographies of St. Anthony Padua.
Vie de Saint Thomas Becket represents the forerunner in the hagiographical epic style because Guernes was one of the first to write about a contemporary, which freed him to focus on the historicity of his subject because he was already canonized; there was no need to overplay his saintliness. Modern critics have obscured the hagiographical elements through their general approval of its historicity.
Articles
- Ford, J.D.M., "The Saints' Lives in the Vernacular Literature of the Middle Ages," in Catholic Historical Review, vol. 17: 1934
- Johnson Phyllis and Brigitte Cazelles, "Le vain siecle Guerpir: A Literary Approach to Sainthood Through Old French Hagiography of the Twelfth Century," in North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, no. 205, Spain:1979
- Dembowski Peter F., "Literary Problems of Hagiography in Old French," in Medievalia et Humanistica, (n.s. 7: 1976)
- Peters, Timothy, "Elements of Chanson de Geste in an Old FrenchLife of Becket: Guernes's Vie de Saint Thomas le Martyr, Olifant 18,(1994):278-288
- Peters, Timothy, "An Ecclesiastical Epic: Garnier de Pont-Ste-Maxence's Vie de Saint Thomas le Martyr, Mediaevistik, 7, (1996): 181-202
- Short, Ian, "An Early Draft of Guernes' Vie de saint Thomas Beckett, in Medium Aevum, vol. 46: 1977, pgs 20-34
- O'Reilly, Jennifer L., "The Double Martyrdom of Thomas Becket: Hagiography or History?" in Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, (vol. 17, New York: AMS Press, 1985)
Books
- Shirley, Janet, "Introduction to her translation,"Garnier's Becket, Phillimore and Co., LTD., London: 1975
- Staunton, Michael, Thomas Becket and his Biographers, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge: 2006
- Staunton, Michael, The Lives of Thomas Becket, Manchester University Press, Manchester: 2001
- Knowles, David, The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1951
External links
- English Translation of Vie de Saint Thomas Becket by Janet Shirley
- Encyclopædia Britannica