Grace Fernald
Encyclopedia
Grace Fernald – A Pioneer in Literacy Instruction.
Noted educational psychologist
, Grace Fernald (1879-1950) was an influential figure in early twentieth century literacy education. Fernald established “the first clinic for remedial instruction in 1921 at the University of California, Los Angeles” (Smith, 2002, p. 181). Tracing tactile learning tendencies back to Quintilian
, Seguin
, and Montessori, Fernald’s kinesthetic spelling and reading method prompted struggling students to trace words. Years of research culminated in 1943 with her classic work, Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects. The popular kinesthetic method anchors modern instruction in the areas of special education
and remedial reading
. Kinesthetic learning is also included as one of Howard Gardner
's multiple intelligences. Fernald’s notion of incorporating the physical with the auditory, verbal, and visual elements of reading instruction, now known as "VAKT"http://www.dyslexia-parent.com/VAKT.html, multimodal learning, or multisensory imagery, continues to guide educators today.
. In 1907 she received her doctorate in psychology from the University of Chicago
. By 1911 Fernald had accepted a position at UCLA. She eventually became head of the Psychology Department and Laboratory at the State Normal School
. It was at the UCLA clinic where her research into the reading and writing processes gained fame.http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb9g5008vb&brand=oac&doc.view=entire_text
and Anna Gillingham
. The article in the Journal of Educational Research, “The Effect of Kinaesthetic Factors in the Development of Word Recognition in the Case of Non-Readers” (Fernald & Keller, p. 355), outlines five phases of the kinesthetic method. With an emphasis on student choice, focal words are generated by the students during the first stage. Each word is introduced by the teacher who writes it on the chalkboard. The student repeats the word while tracing it on the board. When the student is confident that he knows the word, he attempts to write it while saying each syllable. Successful word study is followed by phase two where sentences are created in a similar fashion. The third step incorporates a student-selected book where words from specific paragraphs are isolated for reading. In the fourth phase, the student is asked to read whole phrases from the paragraphs. Finally, the student is encouraged to do silent reading on his own for the fifth phase. After some time all four boys successfully learned to read well enough to perform at grade level. Follow-ups with the participants reflected the maintenance of reading levels and for some avid readers, additional leaps in reading proficiency. Though not asserting widespread generalizability, Fernald and Keller enumerate several findings. One conclusion of interest today describes each student learning by analogy, demonstrating the “ability to pronounce new words if they resemble words he has already learned” (p. 375). This is a compensatory strategy currently used.
Warren's 1977 dissertation study with children exhibiting mild forms of reading problems demonstrated 147% and 77% superior word recognition and comprehension respectively by Fernald tracing compared to Orton-Gillingham phonics, although O-G was 10% more effective in word decoding. (See: Warren, Linda M. 1977. Efficacy of the Fernald and Gillingham Multisensory Reading Approaches: A Comparative Study and Investigation of Related Variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation in special education, University of Alabama. Education Library no. D378 W253e 1977, 1 003 138 816).
’s Special Interest Group in the history of reading. In the spring 1998 edition of the History of Reading News a former student of Fernald’s kinesthetic method recalls his experiences in the clinic setting. He describes a typical session with one of the student teachers where there was even finger painting. The student, now an esteemed doctor, researcher, and chair of psychiatry at a major New York hospital, wonders about the “life changes for some of the other boys as a result of her help and ministrations.” He admits that he “still uses aspects of the Fernald method to this day.” It is a moving testimonial.http://www.historyliteracy.org/scripts/search_display.php?Article_ID=135
Noted educational psychologist
Educational psychologist
An educational psychologist is a psychologist with a Master’s degree in Educational psychology An educational psychologist (many countries use this term to signify those who provide services to students, their teachers, and families while other countries use this term to signify academic training...
, Grace Fernald (1879-1950) was an influential figure in early twentieth century literacy education. Fernald established “the first clinic for remedial instruction in 1921 at the University of California, Los Angeles” (Smith, 2002, p. 181). Tracing tactile learning tendencies back to Quintilian
Quintilian
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus was a Roman rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing...
, Seguin
Seguin
-First name:Seguin is a French and Gascon name. It is of Germanic origin...
, and Montessori, Fernald’s kinesthetic spelling and reading method prompted struggling students to trace words. Years of research culminated in 1943 with her classic work, Remedial Techniques in Basic School Subjects. The popular kinesthetic method anchors modern instruction in the areas of special education
Special education
Special education is the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses the students' individual differences and needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials,...
and remedial reading
Reading (process)
Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols for the intention of constructing or deriving meaning . It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas...
. Kinesthetic learning is also included as one of Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner
Howard Earl Gardner is an American developmental psychologist who is a professor of Cognition and Education at Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University, Senior Director of Harvard Project Zero and author of over twenty books translated into thirty languages. Since 1995, he has...
's multiple intelligences. Fernald’s notion of incorporating the physical with the auditory, verbal, and visual elements of reading instruction, now known as "VAKT"http://www.dyslexia-parent.com/VAKT.html, multimodal learning, or multisensory imagery, continues to guide educators today.
Fernald’s Early Years and Education
Grace Maxwell Fernald was born on November 29, 1879 in Clyde, Ohio. Following a youth spent in New York and New Jersey, Fernald graduated from high school and then attended college at Mt. Holyoke and Bryn MawrBryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr College is a women's liberal arts college located in Bryn Mawr, a community in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, ten miles west of Philadelphia. The name "Bryn Mawr" means "big hill" in Welsh....
. In 1907 she received her doctorate in psychology from the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
. By 1911 Fernald had accepted a position at UCLA. She eventually became head of the Psychology Department and Laboratory at the State Normal School
Normal school
A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name...
. It was at the UCLA clinic where her research into the reading and writing processes gained fame.http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb9g5008vb&brand=oac&doc.view=entire_text
Early Research of the Fernald Method
The 1921 Journal of Educational Research contains Fernald’s foundational study of four boys who learn to spell and read by her kinesthetic method. This method influenced other researchers working at the same time in the field of reading difficulties. Notable examples include Samuel OrtonSamuel Orton
Samuel Torrey Orton was an American physician who pioneered the study of learning disabilities. He is best known for his work examining the causes and treatment of reading disability, or dyslexia....
and Anna Gillingham
Anna Gillingham
Anna Gillingham was an educator and psychologist. Working with Dr. Samuel Orton, she trained teachers and published instructional materials regarding reading instruction, producing the Orton-Gillingham approach to reading instruction...
. The article in the Journal of Educational Research, “The Effect of Kinaesthetic Factors in the Development of Word Recognition in the Case of Non-Readers” (Fernald & Keller, p. 355), outlines five phases of the kinesthetic method. With an emphasis on student choice, focal words are generated by the students during the first stage. Each word is introduced by the teacher who writes it on the chalkboard. The student repeats the word while tracing it on the board. When the student is confident that he knows the word, he attempts to write it while saying each syllable. Successful word study is followed by phase two where sentences are created in a similar fashion. The third step incorporates a student-selected book where words from specific paragraphs are isolated for reading. In the fourth phase, the student is asked to read whole phrases from the paragraphs. Finally, the student is encouraged to do silent reading on his own for the fifth phase. After some time all four boys successfully learned to read well enough to perform at grade level. Follow-ups with the participants reflected the maintenance of reading levels and for some avid readers, additional leaps in reading proficiency. Though not asserting widespread generalizability, Fernald and Keller enumerate several findings. One conclusion of interest today describes each student learning by analogy, demonstrating the “ability to pronounce new words if they resemble words he has already learned” (p. 375). This is a compensatory strategy currently used.
Warren's 1977 dissertation study with children exhibiting mild forms of reading problems demonstrated 147% and 77% superior word recognition and comprehension respectively by Fernald tracing compared to Orton-Gillingham phonics, although O-G was 10% more effective in word decoding. (See: Warren, Linda M. 1977. Efficacy of the Fernald and Gillingham Multisensory Reading Approaches: A Comparative Study and Investigation of Related Variables. Unpublished doctoral dissertation in special education, University of Alabama. Education Library no. D378 W253e 1977, 1 003 138 816).
Summary of Fernald’s Career
On the eve of Fernald’s retirement from the UCLA clinic, Time magazine (1948, July 12) highlights the story of one boy’s reading adventure in Fernald’s clinic. The title of the article, “Reading by Touch” aptly reflects the Fernald method. Stepping down after 27 years, Fernald sums up the theory behind her “kinesthetic method” with the explanation that “reading difficulties occur most frequently in people who lack the ability to summon up a mental picture of the way a word looks” http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804743-1,00.html. Her only requirements for entrance into the clinic program were for students to have average intelligence and for parents to continue with the clinic as long as necessary. According to Time, remediation required from “two months to two years” for the students to reach their grade level reading equivalent. Though the article includes some criticism of the Fernald method, in the end it is a positive portrayal of a committed educator.A Child’s View of Fernald’s Method
A more powerful account of the influence of the kinesthetic method practiced in Fernald’s clinic is presented by the International Reading AssociationInternational Reading Association
The International Reading Association is an international professional organization that was created in 1956 to improve reading instruction, facilitate dialogue about research on reading, and encourage the habit of reading....
’s Special Interest Group in the history of reading. In the spring 1998 edition of the History of Reading News a former student of Fernald’s kinesthetic method recalls his experiences in the clinic setting. He describes a typical session with one of the student teachers where there was even finger painting. The student, now an esteemed doctor, researcher, and chair of psychiatry at a major New York hospital, wonders about the “life changes for some of the other boys as a result of her help and ministrations.” He admits that he “still uses aspects of the Fernald method to this day.” It is a moving testimonial.http://www.historyliteracy.org/scripts/search_display.php?Article_ID=135