George Oruigbiji Pepple
Encyclopedia
George Oruigbiji Pepple (b. 1849 – d. 31 Oct 1888) ruled the Kingdom of Bonny
, an independent trading state in the Niger Delta
between 30 September 1866 and 14 December 1883, when he was deposed. After the British signed a treaty making the state a protectorate, he was restored on 22 January 1887, ruling until his death.
in what is now Rivers State
, Nigeria. It became a major trading center, first of slaves and later of palm oil products. During the 19th century, British influence was growing in the region.
George Oruigbiji Pepple was born in 1849, son of King William Dappa Pepple of Bonny, who was deposed by the British and deported to Britain in 1854. George went into exile with his father, and was educated in England at the boys’ school at Hall Place, Bexley
in southeast London. His studies included English, Greek, Mathematics, Scripture and History, the conventional syllabus of Victorian England.
During his father's exile, Bonny was torn by struggles, at times violent, between two rival factions attached to the two ruling houses.
The Manilla Pepple faction was led by Chief Oko Jumbo
, but was racked by internal dissension.
It was opposed by the Anna or Annie Pepple faction, led by Chief Jubo Jubogha, known as Ja-Ja to the British.
In an attempt to restore peace, the British brought King William Dappa back and restored him to the throne in August 1861, reigning until his death in September 1866.
He was a Christian, and on his accession wrote to Bishop Crowther
giving his support for introduction of the religion in Bonny. On 21 April 1867, supported by Oko Jumbo and other Manilla Pepple chiefs, he declared the iguana was no longer the sacred deity of the kingdom. His association with Christianity, at first welcomed by many people for the benefits it gave, gradually made him become identified with British interests and caused growing resentment.
The tension between the Manilla Pepple and Annie Pepple houses revived.
In June 1867 there was a two-day skirmish between the factions, which King George managed to end by threatening to personally shoot the ringleaders.
In 1869 a major battle between the two factions led to Ja-Ja founding a new state of Opobo
, further inland at the village of Andoni
, taking some of the palm oil trade away from Bonny.
On 16 March 1870, George sailed for England, where he called for more forceful action by the British, a plea that was accepted. The British consul Livingston was supplied with a gunboat with which he sailed up the river to Andoni and imposed peace.
In 1879 George fell ill, and when he recovered took his doctor's advice to take a holiday in England. He was received well, his actions were reported in the press, and he was introduced to the Prince of Wales
.
He was also presented with a steam launch at the end of his visit.
All this caused considerable alarm among the chiefs, concerned about his growing power, combined with the growing power of the British. He came close to being deposed on his return but was saved by the British consul.
On 14 December 1883 King George was deposed..
King George died in October 1888, and was succeeded by a series of regents.
Kingdom of Bonny
The Kingdom of Bonny is a traditional state based on the town of Bonny in Rivers State, Nigeria. Founded in the 14th century AD, it became an important slave trading port, later trading palm oil products. During the 19th century the British became increasingly involved in the internal affairs of...
, an independent trading state in the Niger Delta
Niger Delta
The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil...
between 30 September 1866 and 14 December 1883, when he was deposed. After the British signed a treaty making the state a protectorate, he was restored on 22 January 1887, ruling until his death.
Background
The Kingdom of Bonny was a trading state founded before 1600, based on the port of BonnyBonny
Bonny is a town and a Local Government Area in Rivers State in southeast Nigeria, on the Bight of Biafra. It was also the capital of the Kingdom of Bonny. Traditionally it was a major trading post of the eastern delta....
in what is now Rivers State
Rivers State
Rivers State is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. Its capital is Port Harcourt. It is bounded on the South by the Atlantic Ocean, to the North by Imo, Abia and Anambra States, to the East by Akwa Ibom State and to the West by Bayelsa and Delta states...
, Nigeria. It became a major trading center, first of slaves and later of palm oil products. During the 19th century, British influence was growing in the region.
George Oruigbiji Pepple was born in 1849, son of King William Dappa Pepple of Bonny, who was deposed by the British and deported to Britain in 1854. George went into exile with his father, and was educated in England at the boys’ school at Hall Place, Bexley
Bexley
Bexley is an South East London]] in the London Borough of Bexley, London, England. It is located on the banks of the River Cray south of the Roman Road, Watling Street...
in southeast London. His studies included English, Greek, Mathematics, Scripture and History, the conventional syllabus of Victorian England.
During his father's exile, Bonny was torn by struggles, at times violent, between two rival factions attached to the two ruling houses.
The Manilla Pepple faction was led by Chief Oko Jumbo
Oko Jumbo
Oko Jumbo was an important chief in the Kingdom of Bonny, a state in the Niger Delta, now part of Rivers State, Nigeria. For many years in the 19th century he was the effective ruler of Bonny.-Background:...
, but was racked by internal dissension.
It was opposed by the Anna or Annie Pepple faction, led by Chief Jubo Jubogha, known as Ja-Ja to the British.
In an attempt to restore peace, the British brought King William Dappa back and restored him to the throne in August 1861, reigning until his death in September 1866.
First reign
George Pepple became king in succession to his father on 30 September 1866.He was a Christian, and on his accession wrote to Bishop Crowther
Samuel Ajayi Crowther
Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther was a linguist and the first African Anglican bishop in Nigeria. Born in Osogun , Rev. Dr...
giving his support for introduction of the religion in Bonny. On 21 April 1867, supported by Oko Jumbo and other Manilla Pepple chiefs, he declared the iguana was no longer the sacred deity of the kingdom. His association with Christianity, at first welcomed by many people for the benefits it gave, gradually made him become identified with British interests and caused growing resentment.
The tension between the Manilla Pepple and Annie Pepple houses revived.
In June 1867 there was a two-day skirmish between the factions, which King George managed to end by threatening to personally shoot the ringleaders.
In 1869 a major battle between the two factions led to Ja-Ja founding a new state of Opobo
Opobo
Opobo is a traditional state in southern Nigeria. The state was founded in 1870.A part of the traditional state is now Ikot-Abasi in Akwa Ibom State.-History:...
, further inland at the village of Andoni
Andoni
Andoni is a Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ngo.It has an area of 233 km² and a population of 211,009 at the 2006 census.The postal code of the area is 504....
, taking some of the palm oil trade away from Bonny.
On 16 March 1870, George sailed for England, where he called for more forceful action by the British, a plea that was accepted. The British consul Livingston was supplied with a gunboat with which he sailed up the river to Andoni and imposed peace.
In 1879 George fell ill, and when he recovered took his doctor's advice to take a holiday in England. He was received well, his actions were reported in the press, and he was introduced to the Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales is a title traditionally granted to the heir apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the 15 other independent Commonwealth realms...
.
He was also presented with a steam launch at the end of his visit.
All this caused considerable alarm among the chiefs, concerned about his growing power, combined with the growing power of the British. He came close to being deposed on his return but was saved by the British consul.
On 14 December 1883 King George was deposed..
Restoration
In February 1886 a protectorate treaty was concluded between Bonny and Britain. A ruling council was established, and King George Pepple was restored to his throne. Oko Jumbo was publicly degraded, his bans on Christianity were repealed and afterwards he was a spent force in Bonny politics.King George died in October 1888, and was succeeded by a series of regents.