Gemmula
Encyclopedia
Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus
of sea snail
s, marine gastropod mollusks in the family
Turridae
, the turrids.
These snails are venomous with disulfide
-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.
These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds
is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris
, Turris
and Lophiotoma
than to the other clades in the subfamily Turrinae.
(formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.
. Species within the genus Gemmula include:
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of sea snail
Sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for those snails that normally live in saltwater, marine gastropod molluscs....
s, marine gastropod mollusks in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Turridae
Turridae
Turridae, , is a large taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, that vary in size from minute to moderately large. With more than 4,000 species, the Turridae is the largest mollusk family and group of marine caenogastropods...
, the turrids.
These snails are venomous with disulfide
Disulfide
In chemistry, a disulfide usually refers to the structural unit composed of a linked pair of sulfur atoms. Disulfide usually refer to a chemical compound that contains a disulfide bond, such as diphenyl disulfide, C6H5S-SC6H5....
-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.
These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds
Habitat and feeding habits
The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.Taxonomy
The Gemmula cladeClade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris
Xenuroturris
Xenuroturris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Xenuroturris include: * Xenuroturris castanella Powell, 1964...
, Turris
Turris
Turris is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Description:The generally large shells are variegated with spots. The fusiform shell is turriculated with a long, sharp spire. The aperture is ovate. The columellar lip is smooth. The outer lip is...
and Lophiotoma
Lophiotoma
Lophiotoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Species:Species within the genus Lophiotoma include:* Lophiotoma abbreviata * Lophiotoma acuta...
than to the other clades in the subfamily Turrinae.
Description
As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radulaRadula
The radula is an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus...
(formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.
Species
The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the subfamily TurrinaeTurrinae
Turrinae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae the turrids.- Genera :Genera in the subfamily Turrinae include:*Austrogemmula Laseron, 1954*Cretaspira Kuroda & Oyama, 1971...
. Species within the genus Gemmula include:
- Gemmula aethiopicaGemmula aethiopicaGemmula aethiopica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Thiele, 1925) - Gemmula alwyniGemmula alwyniGemmula alwyni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kilburn, 2005 - Gemmula amabilisGemmula amabilisGemmula amabilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
- Gemmula ambaraGemmula ambaraGemmula ambara is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.-External links:*...
Olivera et al., 2008 - Gemmula bisinuataGemmula bisinuataGemmula bisinuata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Martens, 1901) - Gemmula championiGemmula championiGemmula championi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kilburn, 1983 - Gemmula closterionGemmula closterionGemmula closterion is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Sysoev, 1997 - Gemmula concinnaGemmula concinnaGemmula concinna is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Dunker, 1871) - Gemmula congenerGemmula congenerGemmula congener is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Smith E. A., 1894) - Gemmula cosmoiGemmula cosmoiGemmula cosmoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Sykes, 1930) - Gemmula damperieranaGemmula damperieranaGemmula damperierana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1964 - Gemmula diomedeaGemmula diomedeaGemmula diomedea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1964 - Gemmula ducalisGemmula ducalisGemmula ducalis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Thiele, 1925) - Gemmula fenestrataGemmula fenestrataGemmula fenestrata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kosuge, 1990 - Gemmula flataGemmula flataGemmula flata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008 - Gemmula gemmulinaGemmula gemmulinaGemmula gemmulina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Distribution:...
(Martens, 1902) - Gemmula gilchristiGemmula gilchristiGemmula gilchristi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Sowerby III, 1902) - Gemmula graeffeiGemmula graeffeiGemmula graeffei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Weinkauff, 1875) - Gemmula grandigyrataGemmula grandigyrataGemmula grandigyrata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008 - Gemmula granosusGemmula granosusGemmula granosus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Helbling, 1779) - Gemmula hastulaGemmula hastulaGemmula hastula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Reeve, 1843) - Gemmula hawleyiGemmula hawleyiGemmula hawleyi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Iredale, 1931) - Gemmula hindsianaGemmula hindsianaGemmula hindsiana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Berry, 1958 - Gemmula husamaruGemmula husamaruGemmula husamaru is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Nomura, 1940) - Gemmula interpolataGemmula interpolataGemmula interpolata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1967 - Gemmula kieneriGemmula kieneriGemmula kieneri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Doumet, 1840) - Gemmula lisajoniGemmula lisajoniGemmula lisajoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Olivera, 1999 - Gemmula lordhoweensisGemmula lordhoweensisGemmula lordhoweensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kantor & Sysoev, 1991 - Gemmula lululimiGemmula lululimiGemmula lululimi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Olivera, 1999 - Gemmula luzonicaGemmula luzonicaGemmula luzonica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Powell, 1964) - Gemmula microscelidaGemmula microscelidaGemmula microscelida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Dall, 1895) - Gemmula moniliferaGemmula moniliferaGemmula monilifera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Pease, 1860) - Gemmula murrayiGemmula murrayiGemmula murrayi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1964 - Gemmula mysticaGemmula mysticaGemmula mystica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Simone, 2005 - Gemmula periscelidaGemmula periscelidaGemmula periscelida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.-Distribution:G. periscelida can be found in Atlantic waters, ranging from the coast of North Carolina south to Colombia....
(Dall, 1889) - Gemmula praesignisGemmula praesignisGemmula praesignis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Smith E. A., 1895) - Gemmula pseudogranosaGemmula pseudogranosaGemmula pseudogranosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Nomura, 1940) - Gemmula pseudomoniliferaGemmula pseudomoniliferaGemmula pseudomonilifera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1967 - Gemmula rarimaculataGemmula rarimaculataGemmula rarimaculata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 - Gemmula rosarioGemmula rosarioGemmula rosario is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Shikama, 1977 - Gemmula rotatilisGemmula rotatilisGemmula rotatilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Martens, 1902) - Gemmula sibogaeGemmula sibogaeGemmula sibogae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Schepman, 1913) - Gemmula sibukoensisGemmula sibukoensisGemmula sibukoensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1964 - Gemmula sikatunaiGemmula sikatunaiGemmula sikatunai is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Olivera, 2004 - Gemmula sogodensisGemmula sogodensisGemmula sogodensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Olivera, 2004 - Gemmula speciosaGemmula speciosaGemmula speciosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Reeve, 1842) - Gemmula stupaGemmula stupaGemmula stupa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Lee, 2001 - Gemmula subfenestrataGemmula subfenestrataGemmula subfenestrata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kosuge, 1990 - Gemmula teschiGemmula teschiGemmula teschi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Powell, 1964) - Gemmula tessellataGemmula tessellataGemmula tessellata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Powell, 1967 - Gemmula thieleiGemmula thieleiGemmula thielei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Finlay H. J., 1930 - Gemmula truncataGemmula truncataGemmula truncata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Schepman, 1913) - Gemmula unedoGemmula unedoGemmula unedo is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Kiener, 1840) - Gemmula vagataGemmula vagataGemmula vagata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
(Smith E. A., 1895) - Gemmula webberaeGemmula webberaeGemmula webberae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kilburn, 1975 - Gemmula westaustralisGemmula westaustralisGemmula westaustralis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids....
Kosuge, 1990