Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy
Encyclopedia
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) was introduced by Eigen and Rigler in 1994 and experimentally realized by Schwille in 1997. It extends the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
(FCS) procedure by introducing high sensitivity for distinguishing fluorescent particles which have a similar diffusion coefficient.
FCCS uses two species which are independently labelled with two spectrally separated fluorescent probes. These fluorescent probes are excited and detected by two different laser light sources and detectors commonly known as green and red respectively. Both laser light beams are focused into the sample and tuned so that they overlap to form a superimposed confocal
observation volume.
The normalized cross-correlation function is defined for two fluorescent species
and 
which are independent green, G and red, R channels as follows:
where differential fluorescent signals
at a specific time, 
and 
at a delay time, 
later is correlated with each other.
in the solution:
where
and
are radial parameters and 
and
are the axial parameters for the G and R channels respectively.
The diffusion time,
for a doubly (G and R) fluorescent species is therefore described as follows:
where
is the diffusion coefficient of the doubly fluorescent particle.
The cross-correlation curve generated from diffusing doubly labelled fluorescent particles can be modelled in separate channels as follows:
In the ideal case, the cross-correlation function is proportional to the concentration of the doubly labeled fluorescent complex:
with
Contrary to FCS, the intercept of the cross-correlation curve does not yield information about the doubly labelled fluorescent particles in solution.
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy is a correlation analysis of fluctuation of the fluorescence intensity. The analysis provides parameters of the physics under the fluctuations. One of the interesting applications of this is an analysis of the concentration fluctuations of fluorescent...
(FCS) procedure by introducing high sensitivity for distinguishing fluorescent particles which have a similar diffusion coefficient.
FCCS uses two species which are independently labelled with two spectrally separated fluorescent probes. These fluorescent probes are excited and detected by two different laser light sources and detectors commonly known as green and red respectively. Both laser light beams are focused into the sample and tuned so that they overlap to form a superimposed confocal
Confocal
In geometry, confocal means having the same foci.* For an optical cavity consisting of two mirrors, confocal means that they share their foci...
observation volume.
The normalized cross-correlation function is defined for two fluorescent species
and which are independent green, G and red, R channels as follows:where differential fluorescent signals
at a specific time, and at a delay time, later is correlated with each other.Modeling
Cross-correlation curves are modeled according to a slightly more complicated mathematical function than applied in FCS. First of all, the effective superimposed observation volume in which the G and R channels form a single observation volume, in the solution:where
and are radial parameters and and are the axial parameters for the G and R channels respectively.The diffusion time,
for a doubly (G and R) fluorescent species is therefore described as follows:where
is the diffusion coefficient of the doubly fluorescent particle.The cross-correlation curve generated from diffusing doubly labelled fluorescent particles can be modelled in separate channels as follows:
In the ideal case, the cross-correlation function is proportional to the concentration of the doubly labeled fluorescent complex:
with
Contrary to FCS, the intercept of the cross-correlation curve does not yield information about the doubly labelled fluorescent particles in solution.