Fibrillary astrocytoma
Encyclopedia
Fibrillary astrocytomas also called low grade or diffuse astrocytoma
s, are a group of primary
slow growing brain tumor
s. They typically occur in adults between the ages of twenty and fifty.
s, a type of glial cell
found in the central nervous system. They may occur anywhere in the brain, or even in the spinal cord, but are most commonly found in the cerebral hemispheres. As the alternative name of "diffuse astrocytoma" implies, the outline of the tumour is not clearly visible in scans, because the borders of the neoplasm tend to send out tiny microscopic fibrillary tentacles that spread into the surrounding brain tissue. These tentacles intermingle with healthy brain cells, making complete surgical removal difficult. However, they low grade tumors, with a slow rate of growth, so that patients commonly survive longer than those with otherwise similar types of brain tumour, such as glioblastoma multiforme
.
s, frequent mood changes, and headaches are among the earliest symptoms of the tumor. Hemiparesis
, or physical weakness on one side of the body, is also common. A continuous EEG
recording of the brain's electrical activity may help to identify and localize seizure activity, especially in children. CT scans and MRI scan
s of the brain may show the presence of a diffuse mass that fails to light up when a contrast dye is given. In some cases, a biopsy
may be required to confirm the nature of the tumour.
, radiotherapy, radiosurgery
, and chemotherapy
.
The infiltrating growth of microscopic tentacles in fibrillary astrocytomas makes complete surgical removal difficult or impossible without injuring brain tissue needed for normal neurological function. However, surgery can still reduce or control tumor size. Possible side effects of surgical intervention include brain swelling, which can be treated with steroid
s, and epileptic seizures
. Complete surgical excision of low grade tumors is associated with a good prognosis. However, the tumor may recur if the resection is incomplete, in which case further surgery or the use of other therapies may be required.
Standard radiotherapy for fibrillary astrocytoma requires from ten to thirty sessions, depending on the sub-type of the tumor, and may sometimes be performed after surgical resection to improve outcomes and survival rates. Side effects include the possibility of local inflammation
, leading to headaches, which can be treated with oral medication. Radiosurgery uses computer modelling to focus minimal radiation doses at the exact location of the tumor, while minimizing the dose to the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Radiosurgery may be a complementary treatment after regular surgery, or it may represent the primary treatment technique.
Although chemotherapy for fibrillary astrocytoma improve overall survival, it is effective only in about 20% of cases. Researchers are currently investigating a number of promising new treatment techniques including gene therapy
, immunotherapy
, and novel chemotherapies.
Astrocytoma
Astrocytomas are a type of neoplasm of the brain. They originate in a particular kind of glial-cells, star-shaped brain cells in the cerebrum called astrocytes. This type of tumor does not usually spread outside the brain and spinal cord and it does not usually affect other organs...
s, are a group of primary
Primary tumor
A primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass....
slow growing brain tumor
Brain tumor
A brain tumor is an intracranial solid neoplasm, a tumor within the brain or the central spinal canal.Brain tumors include all tumors inside the cranium or in the central spinal canal...
s. They typically occur in adults between the ages of twenty and fifty.
Pathology
Fibrillary astrocytomas arise from neoplastic astrocyteAstrocyte
Astrocytes , also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord...
s, a type of glial cell
Glial cell
Glial cells, sometimes called neuroglia or simply glia , are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the brain, and for neurons in other parts of the nervous system such as in the autonomous nervous system...
found in the central nervous system. They may occur anywhere in the brain, or even in the spinal cord, but are most commonly found in the cerebral hemispheres. As the alternative name of "diffuse astrocytoma" implies, the outline of the tumour is not clearly visible in scans, because the borders of the neoplasm tend to send out tiny microscopic fibrillary tentacles that spread into the surrounding brain tissue. These tentacles intermingle with healthy brain cells, making complete surgical removal difficult. However, they low grade tumors, with a slow rate of growth, so that patients commonly survive longer than those with otherwise similar types of brain tumour, such as glioblastoma multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans, involving glial cells and accounting for 52% of all functional tissue brain tumor cases and 20% of all intracranial tumors. Despite being the most prevalent form of primary brain tumor, GBMs...
.
Symptoms and diagnosis
SeizureSeizure
An epileptic seizure, occasionally referred to as a fit, is defined as a transient symptom of "abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain". The outward effect can be as dramatic as a wild thrashing movement or as mild as a brief loss of awareness...
s, frequent mood changes, and headaches are among the earliest symptoms of the tumor. Hemiparesis
Hemiparesis
Hemiparesis is weakness on one side of the body. It is less severe than hemiplegia - the total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on one side of the body. Thus, the patient can move the impaired side of his body, but with reduced muscular strength....
, or physical weakness on one side of the body, is also common. A continuous EEG
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain...
recording of the brain's electrical activity may help to identify and localize seizure activity, especially in children. CT scans and MRI scan
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging , nuclear magnetic resonance imaging , or magnetic resonance tomography is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structures...
s of the brain may show the presence of a diffuse mass that fails to light up when a contrast dye is given. In some cases, a biopsy
Biopsy
A biopsy is a medical test involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically...
may be required to confirm the nature of the tumour.
Treatment
Treatment options include surgerySurgery
Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...
, radiotherapy, radiosurgery
Radiosurgery
Radiosurgery is a medical procedure that allows non-invasive treatment of benign and malignant tumors. It is also known as stereotactic radiotherapy, when used to target lesions in the brain, and stereotactic body radiotherapy when used to target lesions in the body...
, and chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with an antineoplastic drug or with a combination of such drugs into a standardized treatment regimen....
.
The infiltrating growth of microscopic tentacles in fibrillary astrocytomas makes complete surgical removal difficult or impossible without injuring brain tissue needed for normal neurological function. However, surgery can still reduce or control tumor size. Possible side effects of surgical intervention include brain swelling, which can be treated with steroid
Steroid
A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.The core...
s, and epileptic seizures
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain.About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly two out of every three new cases...
. Complete surgical excision of low grade tumors is associated with a good prognosis. However, the tumor may recur if the resection is incomplete, in which case further surgery or the use of other therapies may be required.
Standard radiotherapy for fibrillary astrocytoma requires from ten to thirty sessions, depending on the sub-type of the tumor, and may sometimes be performed after surgical resection to improve outcomes and survival rates. Side effects include the possibility of local inflammation
Inflammation
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...
, leading to headaches, which can be treated with oral medication. Radiosurgery uses computer modelling to focus minimal radiation doses at the exact location of the tumor, while minimizing the dose to the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Radiosurgery may be a complementary treatment after regular surgery, or it may represent the primary treatment technique.
Although chemotherapy for fibrillary astrocytoma improve overall survival, it is effective only in about 20% of cases. Researchers are currently investigating a number of promising new treatment techniques including gene therapy
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease. It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development...
, immunotherapy
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a medical term defined as the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response". Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies. While immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are...
, and novel chemotherapies.