Fiat (policy debate)
Encyclopedia
Fiat is a theoretical construct in policy debate
—derived from the word should in the resolution
—whereby the desirability rather than the probability of enactment and enforcement of a given plan is debated, allowing an affirmative
team to "imagine" a plan into being.
There are different theories regarding fiat:
"Normal Means"—Going through the same political process comparable with normal legislative processes. There is no overarching, accepted definition of the legislative pathways which constitute "normal means," but clarification about what an affirmative team regards as "normal means" can be obtained as part of cross-examination by the negative team.
s that can be made during a debate: pre-fiat and post-fiat.
Pre-fiat arguments are arguments that relate to in-round issues. Examples include: abuse Topicality
arguments (the affirmative is not within the resolution, therefore preventing the negative from running an argument they would have otherwise been able to run) and language kritik
s (kritiks condemning the affirmative for using inappropriate or dangerous language). The team making a pre-fiat argument will argue that the pre-fiat argument should be evaluated before any other argument in the round. This is also what makes Topicality a "voter" issue, as abuse (and other procedural arguments) are pre-fiat.
Post-fiat arguments attempt to show that the consequences of passing and enacting the affirmative plan would be in some way worse than the harms described by the affirmative. Such arguments are labelled post-fiat because they require the supposition of a world where the plan is passed and implemented.
Though this has been very popular in policy debate, some debaters have fought against this distinction arguing that the effects of the plan exist once it is "examined".
In other circles, the notion of "pre" and "post" fiat seems to make little sense, as fiat is not an event that happens, but rather a hypothetical world of plan passage. Nothing occurs before or after fiat in a linear sense; instead, these terms merely indicate whether we should observe the potential implications of the plan over the discursive implications of the debate round.
Instead of saying the affirmative's plan is good because it has efficient solvency, and saves the status quo
from harms
, the Kritik argues that all of this should be disregarded, as the world view of the affirmative is too offensive to cause any good.
The Kritik can argue that running DA's or CP's are an unfair burden to be stuck with, as the Framework will state that Fiat is simply imaginative in nature, as is the plan, (being non existent in the status quo, hence Inherency
), and therefore should be rejected as the Kritik enacts a real world change. Others argue that Kritiks merely implement their own form of "fiat," since judges rarely endorse their ideas except in a temporary, hypothetical sense during the debate round. There is no evidence at this time which suggests that Kritiks in policy debate really do alter the state of the real world more than traditional fiat-based arguments do.
Policy debate
Policy debate is a form of speech competition in which teams of two advocate for and against a resolution that typically calls for policy change by the United States federal government or security discourse...
—derived from the word should in the resolution
Resolution (policy debate)
In policy debate, a resolution or topic is a normative statement which the affirmative team affirms and the negative team negates. Resolutions are selected annually by affiliated schools....
—whereby the desirability rather than the probability of enactment and enforcement of a given plan is debated, allowing an affirmative
Affirmative
Affirmative can mean:*Pertaining to truth*Pertaining to an assertion*An answer that shows agreement or acceptance: see yes*Affirmative , the team which affirms the resolution*Affirmative action...
team to "imagine" a plan into being.
There are different theories regarding fiat:
"Normal Means"—Going through the same political process comparable with normal legislative processes. There is no overarching, accepted definition of the legislative pathways which constitute "normal means," but clarification about what an affirmative team regards as "normal means" can be obtained as part of cross-examination by the negative team.
Pre-fiat and Post-fiat arguments
There are generally two types of negative argumentArgument
In philosophy and logic, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence or reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.Argument may also refer to:-Mathematics and computer science:...
s that can be made during a debate: pre-fiat and post-fiat.
Pre-fiat arguments are arguments that relate to in-round issues. Examples include: abuse Topicality
On-topic
In the context of mailing lists, discussion groups, discussion forums, bulletin boards, newsgroups, and wikis a contribution is off-topic if it is not within the bounds of the current discussion, and on-topic if it is....
arguments (the affirmative is not within the resolution, therefore preventing the negative from running an argument they would have otherwise been able to run) and language kritik
Kritik
In policy debate , a kritik is generally a type of argument that challenges a certain mindset, assumption, or discursive element that exists within the advocacy of the opposing team, often from the perspective of...
s (kritiks condemning the affirmative for using inappropriate or dangerous language). The team making a pre-fiat argument will argue that the pre-fiat argument should be evaluated before any other argument in the round. This is also what makes Topicality a "voter" issue, as abuse (and other procedural arguments) are pre-fiat.
Post-fiat arguments attempt to show that the consequences of passing and enacting the affirmative plan would be in some way worse than the harms described by the affirmative. Such arguments are labelled post-fiat because they require the supposition of a world where the plan is passed and implemented.
Though this has been very popular in policy debate, some debaters have fought against this distinction arguing that the effects of the plan exist once it is "examined".
In other circles, the notion of "pre" and "post" fiat seems to make little sense, as fiat is not an event that happens, but rather a hypothetical world of plan passage. Nothing occurs before or after fiat in a linear sense; instead, these terms merely indicate whether we should observe the potential implications of the plan over the discursive implications of the debate round.
Kritik framework verses fiat
Kritiks can be used to combat Fiat by the Negative team, but don't always have to focus on plan language. Some kritik literature is focused on assumptions made by the other team, such as assumptions that may be viewed as racist, imperial, capitalist, or drastically offensive in nature. These argue that the affirmative's plan no longer matters in function, or idea, as it is structurally wrong, e.g. the plan may or may not do what the affirmative says, but it is structured in a racist way, and must be rejected. These kritiks argue that the judge should prefer the structure or "Framework" of the kritik, as it is not as offensive as the affirmative is, but rather seeks to solve the problem the affirmative brought into the round i.e. in our example, exposing us to racism.Instead of saying the affirmative's plan is good because it has efficient solvency, and saves the status quo
Status quo
Statu quo, a commonly used form of the original Latin "statu quo" – literally "the state in which" – is a Latin term meaning the current or existing state of affairs. To maintain the status quo is to keep the things the way they presently are...
from harms
Harms (policy debate)
Harms are a stock issue in policy debate which refer to problems inherent in the status quo. These problems may be either actual or potential...
, the Kritik argues that all of this should be disregarded, as the world view of the affirmative is too offensive to cause any good.
The Kritik can argue that running DA's or CP's are an unfair burden to be stuck with, as the Framework will state that Fiat is simply imaginative in nature, as is the plan, (being non existent in the status quo, hence Inherency
Inherency (policy debate)
Inherency is a stock issue in policy debate that refers to a barrier that keeps a harm from being solved in the status quo.There are three main types of inherency:*Structural inherency: Laws or other barriers to the implementation of the plan...
), and therefore should be rejected as the Kritik enacts a real world change. Others argue that Kritiks merely implement their own form of "fiat," since judges rarely endorse their ideas except in a temporary, hypothetical sense during the debate round. There is no evidence at this time which suggests that Kritiks in policy debate really do alter the state of the real world more than traditional fiat-based arguments do.