Facial bones
Encyclopedia
The facial skeleton, splanchnocranium or viscerocranium consists of part of skull that is derived from branchial arches. The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull
.
Most sources include:
The hyoid is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded.
A mnemonic device, which correctly contradicts the diagrams, is:
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh"
Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
"Correctly contradicts" as the sphenoid, frontal, parietal, temporal and ethmoid bones are part of the neurocranium, not viscerocranium/facial bones.
. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. In mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes.
Human skull
The human skull is a bony structure, skeleton, that is in the human head and which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones...
.
Most sources include:
- Inferior nasal concha
- Lacrimal boneLacrimal boneThe lacrimal bone, the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders.-Lateral or orbital surface:...
- Mandible
- MaxillaMaxillaThe maxilla is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. This is similar to the mandible , which is also a fusion of two halves at the mental symphysis. Sometimes The maxilla (plural: maxillae) is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper...
- Nasal boneNasal boneThe nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, "the bridge" of the nose.Each has two surfaces and four borders....
- Palatine bonePalatine boneThe palatine bone is a bone in many species of the animal kingdom, commonly termed the palatum .-Human anatomy:...
- VomerVomerThe vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones.-Biology:...
- Zygomatic boneZygomatic boneThe zygomatic bone is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods...
The hyoid is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded.
A mnemonic device, which correctly contradicts the diagrams, is:
"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh"
Vomer, Conchae, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Palatine, Zygomatic, Lacrimal.
"Correctly contradicts" as the sphenoid, frontal, parietal, temporal and ethmoid bones are part of the neurocranium, not viscerocranium/facial bones.
Embryonic Origins
The splanchnocranium is derived from the neural crest cells (also responsible for the development of the neurocranium or, teeth and adrenal medulla) or from scleratone found in the somite block of the mesoderm. As with the neurocranium, in Chondricthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral...
. In tetrapods, such as amphibians and reptiles, the columella connecting to the tympanum is derived from the splanchnocranium. In mammals, the splanchnocranium derives the bones of the inner ear, the malleus, the incus and stapes.