Epinotia
Encyclopedia
Epinotia is a very large genus
of tortrix moths (family
Tortricidae). It belongs to the tribe
Eucosmini
of subfamily Olethreutinae
.
of Epinotia were considered valid as of 2009. Though many tortrix moth genera are fairly comprehensively studied, with little other than cryptic species complex
es remaining undiscovered, distinct new species of Epinotia are being described every few years or so. With such a large and insufficiently known taxon
, it is of course possible that the group may not be monophyletic as circumscribed here:
into many smaller genera. Today however, these are generally – but not universally, e.g. regarding the supposedly monotypic
Griselda, or Catastega
which is here considered separate but included in Epinotia elsewhere – included here again at least pending a thorough taxonomic review. Now-invalid scientific names (junior synonyms and others) of Epinotia are:
Halonota has also been listed as junior synonym of Epinotia. But its type species
Pyralis populana is today placed in Pammene
, and thus Halonota is a junior subjective synonym of the latter genus.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of tortrix moths (family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Tortricidae). It belongs to the tribe
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
Eucosmini
Eucosmini
The Eucosmini are a tribe of tortrix moths.-Genera:The Eucosmini are a tribe of tortrix moths.-Genera:The Eucosmini are a tribe of tortrix...
of subfamily Olethreutinae
Olethreutinae
Olethreutinae is a subfamily of moth in the family Tortricidae.-Genera incertae sedis:This tortricine genus has not been assigned to a tribe yet:...
.
Species
166 speciesSpecies
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
of Epinotia were considered valid as of 2009. Though many tortrix moth genera are fairly comprehensively studied, with little other than cryptic species complex
Cryptic species complex
In biology, a cryptic species complex is a group of species which satisfy the biological definition of species—that is, they are reproductively isolated from each other—but whose morphology is very similar ....
es remaining undiscovered, distinct new species of Epinotia are being described every few years or so. With such a large and insufficiently known taxon
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
, it is of course possible that the group may not be monophyletic as circumscribed here:
- Epinotia abbreviana (Fabricius, 1794)
- Epinotia abnormana Kuznetzov, 1973
- Epinotia absconditana (Walker, 1863)
- Epinotia aciculana Falkovitsh, 1965
- Epinotia albangulana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia albicapitana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia albiguttata (Oku, 1974)
- Epinotia algeriensis Chambon in Chambon, Fabre & Khemeci, 1990
- Epinotia aquila Kuznetzov, 1968
- Epinotia araea Diakonoff, 1983
- Epinotia arctostaphylana (Kearfott, 1904)
- Epinotia aridos Freeman, 1960
- Epinotia atacta Diakonoff, 1992
- Epinotia autonoma Falkovitsh, 1965
- Epinotia autumnalis Oku, 2005
- Epinotia balsameae Freeman, 1965
- Epinotia biangulana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia bicolor (Walsingham, 1900)
- Epinotia bicordana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia bigemina Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia bilunanaEpinotia bilunanaEpinotia bilunana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 13–17 mm. The moth flies from May to August. .The larvae mainly feed on Birch.-Notes:...
- Epinotia bricelus Diakonoff, 1992
- Epinotia brunneomarginata (Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2006)
- Epinotia brunnichanaEpinotia brunnichanaEpinotia brunnichana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most western, central and northern Europe, east to the eastern Palaearctic ecozone and the Near East....
- Epinotia bushiensis Kawabe, 1980
- Epinotia canthonias (Meyrick, 1920)
- Epinotia caprana (Fabricius, 1798)
- Epinotia castaneana (Walsingham, 1895)
- Epinotia cedricidaEpinotia cedricidaEpinotia cedricida is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in Morocco, Algeria, Lebanon and Turkey. It is an introduced species in Europe, where it has been recorded from south-eastern France, Spain and Austria....
Diakonoff, 1969 - Epinotia celtisana (Riley, 1881)
- Epinotia cercocarpana (Dyar, 1903)
- Epinotia chloana Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2006
- Epinotia chloizans Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2006
- Epinotia cineracea Nasu, 1991
- Epinotia clasta Diakonoff, 1983
- Epinotia columbia (Kearfott, 1904)
- Epinotia contrariana (Christoph, 1882)
- Epinotia corylana McDunnough, 1925
- Epinotia coryli Kuznetzov, 1970
- Epinotia crenana (Hübner, [1817])
- Epinotia criddleana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia crucianaEpinotia crucianaThe Willow Tortrix is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from Europe to Japan and North America.The wingspan is 12-15 mm. Adults are on wing from June to early August....
– Willow Tortrix - Epinotia cuphulana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
- Epinotia dalmatana (Rebel, 1891)
- Epinotia demarnianaEpinotia demarnianaEpinotia demarniana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most of Europe , east to the eastern part of the Palearctic ecozone....
- Epinotia densiuncaria Kuznetzov, 1985
- Epinotia deruptana Kennel, 1901
- Epinotia digitana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia dorsifraga Diakonoff, 1970
- Epinotia emarginana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia ethnica Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia evidens Kuznetzov, 1971
- Epinotia exquisitana (Christoph, 1882)
- Epinotia festivanaEpinotia festivanaEpinotia festivana is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most of southern Europe and the Near East.The wingspan is 14-16 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July in one generation per year....
(Hübner, [1799]) - Epinotia fraternana (Haworth, [1811])
- Epinotia fujisawai Kawabe, 1993
- Epinotia fumoviridana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia gimmerthaliana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846)
- Epinotia granitana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
- Epinotia granitalisEpinotia granitalisThe Cypress Bark Moth is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is endemic to Japan.The wingspan is 13-16 mm. Adults are on wing from early June to late July....
(Butler, 1881) - Epinotia hamptonana (Kearfott, 1875)
- Epinotia hesperidana Kennel, 1921
- Epinotia heucherana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia hopkinsana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia huroniensis Brown, 1980
- Epinotia hypsidryas (Meyrick, 1925)
- Epinotia illepidosa (Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2006)
- Epinotia immaculata Peiu & Nemes, 1968
- Epinotia immundanaEpinotia immundanaEpinotia immundana is a moth of the family Tortricidae.The wingspan is 12–14 mm. In the British Isles and adjoining areas of continental Europe, the moth flies from April to June and again, in the south, in August and September....
- Epinotia improvisana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia infessana (Walsingham, 1900)
- Epinotia infuscana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia intermissa (Meyrick, 1931)
- Epinotia johnsonana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia kasloana McDunnough, 1925
- Epinotia keiferana Lange, 1937
- Epinotia ketamana (Amsel, 1956)
- Epinotia kochiana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
- Epinotia lanceata Razowski, 1999
- Epinotia lindanaEpinotia lindanaThe Diamondback Epinotia Moth is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in North America, records include British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, North Carolina, Washington and Pennsylvania.The wingspan is about 17 mm....
– Diamondback Epinotia Moth - Epinotia lomonana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia maculanaEpinotia maculanaEpinotia maculana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most of Europe , east to the eastern part of the Palearctic ecozone....
- Epinotia madderana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia majorana (Caradja, 1916)
- Epinotia medioplagata (Walsingham, 1895)
- Epinotia medioviridana (Kearfott, 1908)
- Epinotia melanosticta (Wileman & Stringer, 1929)
- Epinotia mercurianaEpinotia mercurianaEpinotia mercuriana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most of Europe , east to the eastern part of the Palearctic ecozone.The wingspan is about 11-14 mm. Adults are on wing from July to September...
- Epinotia meritanaEpinotia meritanaThe White-Fir Needle Miner is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in the western United States, including Utah, New Mexico and Arizona....
Heinrich, 1923 - Epinotia miscana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia mniara Diakonoff, 1992
- Epinotia momonana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia monticola Kawabe, 1993
- Epinotia myricana McDunnough, 1933
- Epinotia nananaEpinotia nananaEpinotia nanana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from northern and central Europe to Russia and Mongolia. It is also present in North America.The wingspan is 9-11 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August....
- Epinotia nemorivaga (Tengstrom, 1848)
- Epinotia nigralbana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia nigralbanoidana McDunnough, 1929
- Epinotia nigricana (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
- Epinotia nisellaEpinotia nisellaEpinotia nisella is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most of Europe , east to the Near East and the eastern part of the Palearctic ecozone. It is also found in North America, including Massachusetts and Minnesota in the United States...
- Epinotia niveipalpaEpinotia niveipalpaEpinotia niveipalpa is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in Vietnam.The wingspan is 25 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is pale brownish, but the costa is browner and the dorsal area is brownish cream and paler in the basal half, with some scattered black dots...
Razowski, 2009 - Epinotia nonana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia normanana Kearfott, 1907
- Epinotia notoceliana Kuznetzov, 1985
- Epinotia parki Bae, 1997
- Epinotia pentagonana Kennel, 1901
- Epinotia penthrana Bradley, 1965
- Epinotia phyloeorrhages Diakonoff, 1970
- Epinotia piceae (Issiki in Issiki & Mutuura, 1961)
- Epinotia piceicola Kuznetzov, 1970
- Epinotia pinicola Kuznetzov, 1969
- Epinotia plumbolineana Kearfott, 1907
- Epinotia pullata (Falkovitsh in Danilevsky, Kuznetsov & Falkovitsh, 1962)
- Epinotia pulsatillana (Dyar, 1903)
- Epinotia purpuriciliana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia pusillanaEpinotia pusillanaEpinotia pusillana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from France to Poland and Finland.The wingspan is 11-13 mm. Adults are on wing in June and July in Germany and in July and August in Poland....
- Epinotia pygmaeanaEpinotia pygmaeanaThe Pygmy Needle Tortricid is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from northern and central Europe to eastern Russia.The wingspan is 12-14 mm. Adults are on wing from late March to early June....
– Pygmy Needle Tortricid - Epinotia radicanaEpinotia radicanaThe Red-Striped Needleworm Moth is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in western North America, including British Columbia and the Alberta.The wingspan is 12-15 mm....
(Heinrich, 1923) - Epinotia ramellaEpinotia ramellaEpinotia ramella is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 13-16 mm. The moth flies from June to November. .The larvae mainly feed on birch and willow.-Notes:...
- Epinotia rasdolnyana (Christoph, 1882)
- Epinotia rectiplicana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia removana McDunnough, 1935
- Epinotia rubiginosanaEpinotia rubiginosanaEpinotia rubiginosana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from Europe to eastern Russia, China, Korea and Japan.The wingspan is 13-15 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July....
- Epinotia rubricana Kuznetzov, 1968
- Epinotia ruidosana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia sagittana McDunnough, 1925
- Epinotia salicicolana Kuznetzov, 1968
- Epinotia seorsa Heinrich, 1924
- Epinotia septemberana Kearfott, 1907
- Epinotia signatanaEpinotia signatanaEpinotia signatana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from England and Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea, to eastern Russia and Japan.The wingspan is 14-16 mm. Adults are on wing in June and July....
- Epinotia signiferana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia silvertoniensis Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia slovacica Patocka & Jaro, 1991
- Epinotia solandrianaEpinotia solandrianaEpinotia solandriana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 16-21 mm. The moth flies in one generation from July to September depending on the location....
- Epinotia solicitana (Walker, 1863)
- Epinotia sordidanaEpinotia sordidanaEpinotia sordidana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 18-23 mm. The moth flies from August to November. .The larvae mainly feed on Alder.-Notes:...
- Epinotia sotipena Brown, 1987
- Epinotia sperana McDunnough, 1935
- Epinotia subocellana (Donovan, [1806])
- Epinotia subplicana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia subsequana (Haworth, [1811])
- Epinotia subuculana Rebel, 1903
- Epinotia subviridis Heinrich, 1929
- Epinotia tedellaEpinotia tedellaEpinotia tedella is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 10-13 mm. The moth flies in one generation from April to June. In warm years there can be a second generation in August. ....
- Epinotia tenebrica Razowski & Wojtusiak, 2006
- Epinotia teneranaEpinotia teneranaThe Nut Bud Moth or Alder Tortricid is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from Europe to eastern Russia, China, Korea and Japan....
- Epinotia terracoctana (Walsingham, 1879)
- Epinotia tetraquetranaEpinotia tetraquetranaThe Square-barred Bell is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found from most of Europe east to the Near East and the eastern part of Palearctic ecozone.The wingspan is 12-16 mm. Adults are on wing from April to May....
(Haworth, [1811]) - Epinotia thaiensis Kawabe, 1995
- Epinotia thapsiana (Zeller, 1847)
- Epinotia tianshanensis Liu & Nasu, 1993
- Epinotia transmissana (Walker, 1863)
- Epinotia trigonellaEpinotia trigonellaThe Birch Epinotia Moth is a species of moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in most of Europe, east to the eastern Palearctic ecozone. It is also found in North America....
(Linnaeus, 1758) - Epinotia trossulanaEpinotia trossulanaEpinotia trossulana is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in western North America, from British Columbia, south through Utah to California....
(Walsingham, 1879) - Epinotia tsugana Freeman, 1967
- Epinotia tsurugisana Oku, 2005
- Epinotia ulmi Kuznetzov, 1966
- Epinotia ulmicola Kuznetzov, 1966
- Epinotia unisignana Kuznetzov, 1962
- Epinotia vagana Heinrich, 1923
- Epinotia vertumnana (Zeller, 1875)
- Epinotia vorana (Strand, 1920)
- Epinotia walkerana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia xandana (Kearfott, 1907)
- Epinotia xyloryctoides Diakonoff, 1992
- Epinotia yoshiyasui Kawabe, 1989
- Epinotia zamorata Razowski, 1999
- Epinotia zandana (Kearfott, 1907)
Synonyms
In particular during the early-mid 19th century, when little of the diversity of Epinotia was known, it was splitLumpers and splitters
Lumping and splitting refers to a well-known problem in any discipline which has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper/splitter problem occurs when there is the need to create classifications and assign examples to them, for example schools of literature,...
into many smaller genera. Today however, these are generally – but not universally, e.g. regarding the supposedly monotypic
Monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group with only one biological type. The term's usage differs slightly between botany and zoology. The term monotypic has a separate use in conservation biology, monotypic habitat, regarding species habitat conversion eliminating biodiversity and...
Griselda, or Catastega
Catastega
Catastega is a genus of moths belonging to the Tortricidae family.-Species:*Catastega aceriella Clemens, 1861*Catastega adobe Brown, 1992*Catastega marmoreana *Catastega nebula Brown, 1992...
which is here considered separate but included in Epinotia elsewhere – included here again at least pending a thorough taxonomic review. Now-invalid scientific names (junior synonyms and others) of Epinotia are:
- Acalla Hübner, [1825]
- Astatia Hübner, 1825
- Asthenia Hübner, 1825
- Cartella Stephens, 1852
- Ccalla (lapsusLapsusA lapsus is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking. According to Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, a lapsus represents a missed deed that hides an unconscious desire....
) - Curtella (lapsus)
- Epinotis (lapsus)
- Evertia (lapsus)
- Evetria Hübner, 1825
- Griselda Heinrich, 1923
- Hamuligera Obraztsov, 1946
- Hikagehamakia Oku, 1974
- Hypermecia Guenée, 1845
- Lithographia Stephens, 1852
- Neurasthenia Pierce & Metcalf, 1922
- Paedisca Treitschke, 1830
- Pamplasia (lapsus)
- Pamplusia Guenée, 1845
- Panoplia Hübner, 1825
- Paragrapha Sodoffsky, 1837
- Phlaeodes Guenée, 1845
- Phloeodes (lapsus)
- Podisca (lapsus)
- Poecilochroma Stephens, 1829
- Proteopteryx Walsingham, 1879
- Steganoptera (lapsus)
- Steganoptica (lapsus)
- Steganoptycha Stephens, 1834
Halonota has also been listed as junior synonym of Epinotia. But its type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
Pyralis populana is today placed in Pammene
Pammene
The tortrix moth genus Pammene belongs to the tribe Grapholitini of subfamily Olethreutinae.-Synonyms:Obsolete scientific names of Pammene are:* Encelis * Eucelis Hübner, [1825]...
, and thus Halonota is a junior subjective synonym of the latter genus.