Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
Encyclopedia
Elements of the Philosophy of Newton is a book written by the philosopher Voltaire
in 1738 that helped to popularize the theories and thought of Isaac Newton
. This book, coupled with Letters on the English
, written in 1733, demonstrated Voltaire had moved beyond the simple poetry and plays he had written previously.
What Light is, and in What manner it comes to us.
Chapter II
The Property, which Light has of reflecting itself, was not truly known. It is not reflected by the solid Parts of Bodies as vulgarly believed.
Chapter III
Of the property which Light has of refracting in passing from one Substance into another, and of taking a new Course in its Progression.
Chapter IV
Of the Form of the Eye, and in what manner Light enters and acts in that Organ.
Chapter V
Of Looking–Glasses, and Telescopes: Reasons given by Mathematicians for the Mysteries of Vision; that those Reasons are not altogether sufficient.
Chapter VI
In what Manner we know Distances, Magnitudes, Figures, and Situations.
Chapter VII
Of the Cause of the breaking of the Rays of Light in passing from one Medium to another; that this Cause is a general Law of Nature unknown before Newton; that the Inflection of Light is also an Effect of the same Cause.
Chapter VIII
The wonderful Effects of the Refraction of Light. The several Rays of Light have all possible Colours in themselves; what Refrangibility is. New Discoveries.
Chapter IX
The Cause of Refrangibility; from which it appears that there are indivisible Bodies in Nature.
Chapter X
Proof that there are indivisible Atoms, and that the simple Particles of Light are Atoms of that kind. Discoveries continued.
Chapter XI
Of the Rainbow; that Phenomenon a necessary Effect of the Laws of Refrangibility.
Chapter XII
New Discoveries touching the Cause of Colours, which confirm the preceding Doctrine; Demonstration that Colours are occasioned by the Density and Thickness of the Parts of which Bodies are composed (or the Thickness of the Parts that compose the Surfaces only).
Chapter XIII
Consequences of these Discoveries. The mutual Action of Bodies upon Light.
Chapter XIV
Of the Resemblance between the seven Primitive Colours and the seven Notes in Musick.
Chapter XV
Introductory Ideas concerning Gravity and the Laws of Attraction: That the Opinion of a subtil Matter, Vortices, and a Plenitude, ought to be rejected (But not that subtile Aether which Sir Isaac makes the Cause of Attraction, Refraction, Animal Motion, &c. which pervades the Universe).
Chapter XVI
That the Vortices and Plenitude of Descartes are impossible, and consequently that there is some other Cause of Gravity.
Chapter XVII
What is meant by Vacuity and Space, without which there could be neither Gravity nor Motion.
Chapter XVIII
Gravitation demonstrated from the Discoveries of Galileo and Newton: That the Moon revolves in her Orbit by the Force of this Gravitation.
Chapter XIX
That Gravitation and Attraction direct all the Planets in their Courses.
Chapter XX
Demonstrations of the Laws of Gravitation, drawn from the Rules of Kepler: That one of these Laws of Kepler demonstrates the Motion of the Earth.
Chapter XXI
New Proofs of Attraction. That the Inequalities of the Motion and Orbit of the Moon are necessarily the Effects of Attraction.
Chapter XXII
New Proofs and New Effects of Gravitation. That this Power is in every Particle of Matter. Discoveries dependent on this Principle.
Chapter XXIII
The Theory of our Planetary World.
Chapter XXIV
Of the Zodiacal Light, the Comets, and the fixed Stars.
Chapter XXV
Of the second Inequalities of the Motion of the Satellites, and the Phaenomena that depend thereon.
Glossary
Explanations of the hard Words used in this Treatise.
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet , better known by the pen name Voltaire , was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state...
in 1738 that helped to popularize the theories and thought of Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived."...
. This book, coupled with Letters on the English
Letters on the English
Lettres philosophiques or ) is a series of essays written by Voltaire based on his experiences living in England between 1722 and 1734. It was published in both French and English in 1734...
, written in 1733, demonstrated Voltaire had moved beyond the simple poetry and plays he had written previously.
Contents
Chapter IWhat Light is, and in What manner it comes to us.
Chapter II
The Property, which Light has of reflecting itself, was not truly known. It is not reflected by the solid Parts of Bodies as vulgarly believed.
Chapter III
Of the property which Light has of refracting in passing from one Substance into another, and of taking a new Course in its Progression.
Chapter IV
Of the Form of the Eye, and in what manner Light enters and acts in that Organ.
Chapter V
Of Looking–Glasses, and Telescopes: Reasons given by Mathematicians for the Mysteries of Vision; that those Reasons are not altogether sufficient.
Chapter VI
In what Manner we know Distances, Magnitudes, Figures, and Situations.
Chapter VII
Of the Cause of the breaking of the Rays of Light in passing from one Medium to another; that this Cause is a general Law of Nature unknown before Newton; that the Inflection of Light is also an Effect of the same Cause.
Chapter VIII
The wonderful Effects of the Refraction of Light. The several Rays of Light have all possible Colours in themselves; what Refrangibility is. New Discoveries.
Chapter IX
The Cause of Refrangibility; from which it appears that there are indivisible Bodies in Nature.
Chapter X
Proof that there are indivisible Atoms, and that the simple Particles of Light are Atoms of that kind. Discoveries continued.
Chapter XI
Of the Rainbow; that Phenomenon a necessary Effect of the Laws of Refrangibility.
Chapter XII
New Discoveries touching the Cause of Colours, which confirm the preceding Doctrine; Demonstration that Colours are occasioned by the Density and Thickness of the Parts of which Bodies are composed (or the Thickness of the Parts that compose the Surfaces only).
Chapter XIII
Consequences of these Discoveries. The mutual Action of Bodies upon Light.
Chapter XIV
Of the Resemblance between the seven Primitive Colours and the seven Notes in Musick.
Chapter XV
Introductory Ideas concerning Gravity and the Laws of Attraction: That the Opinion of a subtil Matter, Vortices, and a Plenitude, ought to be rejected (But not that subtile Aether which Sir Isaac makes the Cause of Attraction, Refraction, Animal Motion, &c. which pervades the Universe).
Chapter XVI
That the Vortices and Plenitude of Descartes are impossible, and consequently that there is some other Cause of Gravity.
Chapter XVII
What is meant by Vacuity and Space, without which there could be neither Gravity nor Motion.
Chapter XVIII
Gravitation demonstrated from the Discoveries of Galileo and Newton: That the Moon revolves in her Orbit by the Force of this Gravitation.
Chapter XIX
That Gravitation and Attraction direct all the Planets in their Courses.
Chapter XX
Demonstrations of the Laws of Gravitation, drawn from the Rules of Kepler: That one of these Laws of Kepler demonstrates the Motion of the Earth.
Chapter XXI
New Proofs of Attraction. That the Inequalities of the Motion and Orbit of the Moon are necessarily the Effects of Attraction.
Chapter XXII
New Proofs and New Effects of Gravitation. That this Power is in every Particle of Matter. Discoveries dependent on this Principle.
Chapter XXIII
The Theory of our Planetary World.
Chapter XXIV
Of the Zodiacal Light, the Comets, and the fixed Stars.
Chapter XXV
Of the second Inequalities of the Motion of the Satellites, and the Phaenomena that depend thereon.
Glossary
Explanations of the hard Words used in this Treatise.